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When the Babylonian Empire conquered Judah and Benjamin they did their usual trick of deporting the Jewish aristocracy and brought in a foreign aristocracy to rule and keep the lower classes quiet. Assyria had previously done this to the 10 northern tribes.

When Persia took over the Babylonian Empire, it allowed the exiled aristocracy to return to Judea and try to reclaim ancestral land. About 40,000 accepted the offer, the remainder staying in Babylon where they had established themselves.

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