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No. Amish schools do not have detentions. They spank the children.
Yes, the Amish can and do get medical care for themselves and children.
They study Amish culture and regular school subjects.
I'm not sure what their historical views on adoption are, but in the two Amish communities we have lived in Adoption was becomming increasingly accepted. Many couples who could not have children naturally were becoming foster parents with the hope of being able to adopt children. I beleive historically, they have been hesitant to become foster parents due to requirements such as the requirement to obtain a photo ID. At least that had been an issue in one Amish community in Illinois where we resided.
Amish parents really aren't so sure their children will stay. Ultimately it's their desire that all their children would join church, but they understand that it has to be each child's individual decision. Parents of children who fail to join church do not appear to carry a stigma in the community.
It all depends. Many Amish children attend rural public elementary schools and study the same curriculum as their classmates. If Bible classes are offered in on or off school property, they may attend these. If they attend a rural private school, their teacher is probably young and unmarried, with no teaching experience outside the Amish grade schools. He or she may not be Amish, however. School is taught in a one- or two-room setting with a basic curriculum of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Some Amish schools may offer history or science. All classes are conducted in English, which all Amish children learn by the time they are finished with first grade.
Yes, there are there of many Amish people.
There are no Amish in washington state as of 2012.
It is true that Amish children only get an 8th grade education, although in some cases, if more education is required, they can get a GED diploma.
They can talk with the "English" (non-Amish) all they want.
The same way everyone else does. A child is conceived during coitus.
Usually around 8th grade.