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16:154). The census under Quirinus had as target to number all the subjects and estimate their possessions for assessing taxes. In the year 25 BC, a famine was reported. Nonetheless, taxes were still demanded.

Taxes and services only partially covered the expenses of his government. The excessive taxation weighed heavily upon the people. The cities of Gaza, Gandara and Hippo were part of Herod's dominion. Samaria was exempt one-fourth of the taxes (A.J. 17:319). Herod also had a considerable private fortune which he obtained in part by executing a number of important persons in his kingdom (A.J. 17:307). Furthermore in 12 BC, the Emperor Augustus gave him the copper mines of Soli, in Cyprus (A.J. 16:128). Finally, gifts often arrived to fill up the depleting coffers of Herod (A.J. 17:308). At his death, Herod left the nation completely impoverished (A.J.17:304).

The Ethnarch Archelaus became Ruler of Judea. His removal from office and exile to Gaul in 6 AD marked the end of a period in which the Romans showed favor by giving vast local autonomy. Rome also took over control of Palestinian business. They quickly sent prefect-procurators to administer the affairs of the new sub-province of Syria. These Roman administrators were invested with the powers of taxation, and judiciary and miliary powers. Autonomy in religious affairs was still honored, but the Procurator had the right to appoint the High Priests and control the duties of their office.

Uner Roman rule in the years 66-44 BC, and 41-6 BC, taxes stayed the same. For the Province of Judah, however, they were increased to 600 talents (A.J. 17:320). In 66 BC, the Roman authorities in Jerusalem collected 40 talents of overdue taxes ( Bellum Judaicum B.J. 2:405). Tacitus, the Roman Historian, agreed that there were many complaints concerning the tax burdens. In 17 AD, the Provinces of Syria and of Judah petitioned for a reduction. The refusal to lessen the tax burdens was the motive for the Jewish War, and the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD according to Josephus Flavius (B.J. 5:405). It was difficult to assess the gifts and bribes that were paid out to those in authority or administrative services. Corruption extended to the highest positions. Complaints relating to the abuses of the procurators - of Pilate in particular - were numerous. Thus, Galilee became part of the Tetrarchy of Herod Antipas who rebuilt and fortified Sepphoris, declaring it the Capital of Galilee.

Jewish Life: Circumcision and Childhood.

Eight days after the birth, all Jewish males were circumcised according to the Law. The father recited the prayer: "Blessed by the One who sanctified Abraham, as friend, from his mother's womb. He established a law within his flesh. He created this sign to be the mark of His Holy Covenant for all his descendants. This is why the Living God, our Rock, has ordained in turn to save those He loves of our nation. Blessed be He Who made this covenant."

Circumcision was the physical sign of the Covenenant. Abraham received the order to circumcise when he was 99 years old. Later tradition placed the circumcision of Abraham on the Day of Yon Kippur. This association brought a sense of expiation to the ritual of circumcision. Judaism gave an interpretation to the significance to circumcision. One only wrote down the order of genealogy as a reference in the genealogy, because son-ship did not consist in having a place in biological chain.

Rabbis in the time of Jesus well knew that circumcision was practiced before the time of Abraham, and that the "desert" generation had neglected this commandment. Therefore Joshua had to have all the Hebrews circumcised before they entered the Promised Land (Jos. 5:2). Nevertheless, they gave it a new meaning: it became the Sign of the Covenant with God. Only those circumcised would be able to eat of the Passover lamb (Ex. 12: 44-48). In the times of Jezebel, it seemed that circumcision was abandoned (1 Ruth 19:14). The prophet Elijah intervened to re-establish it. It was for this reason that tradition believed that God was present at all ceremonies of circumcision.

The ceremony created an occasion for a family feast at which they drank and danced, clapping hands. It was on the eighth day that circumcision was practiced according to the "Mohel," in the presence of the father of the family. If the eighth day was on a Sabbath, circumcision was permitted (Sabbat 130b-132a).

All Jewish boys learned to read and write in their own family. The only known book was The Bible. Parchments were very expensive. Dressed in his "tallit", the child learned the history of his own people by hearing commentaries on the texts proclaimed each Shabbat in the synagogue. He gradually assimilated the history of Israel; the election, the promises, the covenant, the gift of the land, the law. He learned how to sing the psalms, in particular the "Hallel". Two times a day, he recited the "Shema Israel" and the prayer of "Shemone Esre". He wore "phylacteries" and did not shave the hair of his temples, as prescribed in the Bible.

Jesus' childhood and youth developed within the framework of a small rural village - "Can anything good come from Nazareth?" (Jn.1:46). His horizons soon expanded beyond Nazareth, and even Galilee. Sepphoris, the Capital of Galilee, was not more than a few kilometers from the village of his childhood. There, Jesus came in contact with a Roman village, with its own theater, villas and banks. A new culture, occupied by strangers, opened before his eyes. "Why were the Romans present in the land promised to our fathers?" He must have heard this question many a time.

At the age of twelve, Jesus went down to the Temple of Jerusalem to make his "bar mitswa", to become a "son of the commandment" like all young Jewish boys. He talked with the teachers who marveled at his wisdom. He discovered the Temple with its priests, its merchants, and its brightly colored and boisterous crowd. To His parents who searched for Him, He answered that He had to be about His Father's affairs. He already had a deep awareness of his relationship with God whom He called His Father. Returning to Nazareth, Jesus was subject to Mary and Joseph, and ever close to the ordinariness of life. He was not a idle dreamer. Later, in his teaching, he compared the Reign of God to a lamp which gave light to the entire house, or to yeast which a woman took and kneaded into three measures of flour, and which made all the dough rise, or still better, of seed sown in the earth which grew up irresistibly, whether man was awake or asleep. Throughout his preaching, the memories of his childhood shown forth. The images which he returned to in his teaching - the lilies of the fields, the birds that ate the grain on the road, as well as that of the widow who demanded justice and that of the unjust judge -- revealed a profound religious sensitivity to ordinary life. The Reign of God was an image of the earth which produced first the plant, then the ear, finally the ear of grain. The world was a Temple where one was able to encounter God.

Marriage

From the age of twelve, to twelve and one half years, a young Jewish girl was able to be promised in marriage. Her father still had rights over her: he was able to sell her as a slave to a Jew for seven years. After the age of twelve and one half, the young girl was able to be married. Only the husband could dismiss her, give her his "writ of renouncement". The contrary was impossible (Mark 10:12 was written in Rome and reflected the juridical situation of that village.) Adultery was punishable by death. When a woman went out she had to veil herself and she was banned from speaking to men. Marriage was arranged by her parents. Since the young girl worked at home, her departure from it demanded an economic compensation. The future husband had to pay the dowry, which consequently became the property of the woman in case of renouncement. The amount which the father of a girl from Jerusalem would receive, at the time of betrothal of a spouse who was not from the same town was especially high: An inhabitant of a small town who married a girl from Jerusalem must give her, as a dowry in marriage, her weight in gold; a girl of a small village who married a man from Jerusalem must bring as dowry his weight in gold (Lam Rabba 4:2). This text showed the importance that was attached to Jerusalem, and well as the fact that the cost of living was much higher in Jerusalem than elsewhere

Googly eyes or wiggly eyes are small plastic craft supplies used to imitate eyeballs. Googly eyes traditionally are composed of a clear, hard-plastic shell, with a smaller, black plastic disk trapped within. The plastic shells come in a variety of sizes ranging from 3/16" to over 3" diameter. The inner black disk is allowed to move freely within the larger clear plastic shell, which makes the eyes appear to move. These disks come in a variety of colors including pink, blue, yellow, red and green. Googly eyes are used for a variety of Arts and Crafts projects including pipe cleaner farm animals, silly sock puppets, and other creations brought forth from the imaginations of children. Googly eyes may also be attached to inanimate objects in order to give the objects a "silly" or "cute" appearance. This use often personifies the objects for a humorous effect.

Examples
  • Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, the comic strip created in 1919 by Billy DeBeck that inspired the popular 1923 song, "Barney Google (With the Goo-Goo-Googly Eyes)," with lyrics by Billy Rose.
  • Cookie Monster, Harvey Kneeslapper, and several other characters of Sesame Street.
  • Corneil the cartoon dog of Watch My Chops
  • Nutty from Happy Tree Friends
  • Stick Stickly, a stick-puppet host on Nickelodeon during the 1990s
  • Saturday Night Live skit in which Christopher Walken puts googly eyes on all his plants.
  • Kash ("The Money You Could Be Saving with Geico") from GEICO
  • Pet Rocks
  • OOglies, a CBBC stop-motion children's show.
  • The Black Mamba, a black sock with a red felt tongue in the TV show and movie Jackass that is used to slap people.
  • xeyes, a popular X Window application.
  • Masada Sensei from Yume Nikki
  • The Sight for Sore Eyes is a pair of googly eyes unlockable for the Pyro in Team Fortress 2
References

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