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Depending on the particular microprocessor, a machine cycle is the fetch or store of one (typically, one byte) native word. In the 8085, this is a byte fetch or store, plus the overhead in decoding and processing the instruction. In this case, the first machine cycle is four clock cycles, or T states, and subsequent machine cycles are three clock cycles, although certain instruction sequences, such as DAD, require two extra clock cycles.
Both, compiler and assembler, are software tools which translate instructions written in a programming language into executable machine code. (Both will typically require additional tools, such as a linker, in the process.) An assembler recognizes a machine-specific assembly language. This is a low-level language with a one-to-one relationship between language (assembly) instructions and machine code instructions. A compiler recognizes a generally machine-independent language such as the C programming language. These are higher level languages compared to the assembly languages, generally offering a one-to-many relationship between language instructions and expressions, and the resulting machine code instructions.
No. Generally, one instruction in a high level language corresponds to many instructions in machine language.
I am not sure about the answer but think so, Assembler: Its a program that converts a low level language into machine code, and there is a one-to-one correspondence between the source language statements and machine instructions Macro- Assembler: It performs the same task as does the assembler but there is some times a one-to-many correspondence between the source language statements and machine instructions. Please discuss further...
Pulley machine type of many! Machine have many pulley, many pulley machine! Type machine, many pulley type. Pulleys, type pulley machine many type. Machine.
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Depending on the particular microprocessor, a machine cycle is the fetch or store of one (typically, one byte) native word. In the 8085, this is a byte fetch or store, plus the overhead in decoding and processing the instruction. In this case, the first machine cycle is four clock cycles, or T states, and subsequent machine cycles are three clock cycles, although certain instruction sequences, such as DAD, require two extra clock cycles.
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It is not possible to calculate the number of machine cycles from first principles without going into design details of the CPU in question. You will need the reference book or card for the specific microprocessor model you are using. That will give you the actual number of cycles that are required for each instruction family. Note that many instructions take a variable number of cycles based on where they fetch their operands from. In the 8088 and 8086, in many cases the number of machine cycles is given in the form "4+EA". This means that you have to look up the number of cycles for a specific Effective Address, which is part of the op code, and add it to the number of cycles to execute the op code. There will be a table of machine stated for each type of Effective Address determination as well. Older machines like the 8085, 8086, and 8088 will actually have a few instructions, notably rotate and shift instructions, where the time is given as something like "4+2s". In these cases, the value "s" is the number of positions you are shifting the operand; to shift it 7 places takes 14 machine states, over and above the initial 2.
A 1kHz CPU will execute 1000 cycles per second.
RET instruction needs 3 machine cycles. One to fetch and decode the instruction(4 T states), and two more machine cycles(i.e. 2*3=6 T states) to read two bytes from the stack(stack is exterior to microprocessor, stack is in R/W memory, so to exchange data with stack needs machine cycles). Thus, RET instruction needs total 3 machine cycles and 10 T-states.
Summary − So this instruction XCHG requires 1-Byte, 4-Machine Cycles (Opcode Fetch) and 4 T-States for execution as shown in the timing diagram.
4. 3 to fetch, and 1 to decode/process.
this crystals deter mains how many no of machine cycles are need for the execution of one instruction
In order to determine the instructions per second in an 8085 microprocessor, you need to know how long each instruction takes to execute. Some are as short as 4 T cycles. Some are as long as 18 T cycles. This is dependent on how the program is written. Add up the T cycles for each instruction. Divide the clock frequency in hertz by the number of T cycles, and you get instructions per second. Note that clock frequency is one half of the crystal frequency. Note also that you must include Twait cycles in your calculation.
Not really :-)CPUs are measured in terms of instructions per second or calculations per second. At the lowest machine level, computer instructions will take 1 or more clock cycles to execute; because these machine instructions are variable, many people focus on the clock speed as an indication of processor performance.That is why processors are often talked about in frequency terms (i.e. megahertz or gigahertz), but this is not strictly speaking a measurement of processor speed -- but it is closely related.Megabytes and gigabytes are used to measure memory or disk size.
It will require 4 machine cycles, 1.opcode fetch 2.memory read 3. memory read 4. memory write