Summary − So this instruction XCHG requires 1-Byte, 4-Machine Cycles (Opcode Fetch) and 4 T-States for execution as shown in the timing diagram.
The XCHG instuction takes 6 states to execute.
RET instruction needs 3 machine cycles. One to fetch and decode the instruction(4 T states), and two more machine cycles(i.e. 2*3=6 T states) to read two bytes from the stack(stack is exterior to microprocessor, stack is in R/W memory, so to exchange data with stack needs machine cycles). Thus, RET instruction needs total 3 machine cycles and 10 T-states.
Depending on the particular microprocessor, a machine cycle is the fetch or store of one (typically, one byte) native word. In the 8085, this is a byte fetch or store, plus the overhead in decoding and processing the instruction. In this case, the first machine cycle is four clock cycles, or T states, and subsequent machine cycles are three clock cycles, although certain instruction sequences, such as DAD, require two extra clock cycles.
this crystals deter mains how many no of machine cycles are need for the execution of one instruction
4. 3 to fetch, and 1 to decode/process.
In the context of the 8085 microprocessor, the ADD instruction takes 1 machine cycle to execute, as it operates directly on the accumulator and the specified register. On the other hand, the LHLD (Load H and L Direct) instruction requires 3 machine cycles, as it involves reading data from a specified memory address into the L and H registers.
There are three fetch cycles in a three byte instruction. The first one is four clock cycles long, while the other two are three clock cycles long. Depending on what the instruction does, there will then be more read/write cycles.
The NOP instruction is a no-operation instruction. It does nothing to the state of the machine, except to use some time. In the case of the 8085, it uses four clock cycles plus however many wait states are need to access the NOP instruction from memory.
when conditional jump instruction is executed it has 10 m/c cycles bt when nt executed it has 7 m/c cycles....while unconditional jump instruction has 10 m/c cycles...
It depends on the type of architecture and controller u use. It can be found in the instruction set documentation. It requires 18 cycles on the Intel 8085.How_many_machine_cycles_require_for_call_instruction_in_8085
For calculating the T states of the any instruction ,you should know how many machine cycles does the instruction contains and the number of T states in each of the machine cyclesfor example,In a 8085 microprocessor set ,the instr. JMP contains three machine cyclesopcode fetch which is of 4T or 6T statesmemory read which is of 3T statesanother memory read which is again of 3T statesTherefore , the instr. JMP has a total of 10T states
No. Generally, one instruction in a high level language corresponds to many instructions in machine language.