A hydrogen atom has 1 proton and 1 electron regardless of the isotope.Standard hydrogen(protium) has zero neutrons.The deuterium isotope has 1 neutron and the tritium (very radioactive) has 2 neutrons.
Sodium has 11 protons and 11 electrons.
Each atom has a unique combination of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Calcium typically has 20 protons, but with an added 2 charge, it now has 18 protons due to the loss of 2 positive charges. Calcium-41 has 41 - 18 = 23 neutrons. With a 2+ charge, it will attract 2 electrons, making it have 18 - 2 = 16 electrons.
Carbon has 6 protons, and it will have 6 electrons in a neutral atom, one for each proton. See link below.
Silicon has 4 bonds with hydrogen
The positivity and negativity of an ion is determined by the number of electrons compared to that of protons. If there are more electrons than protons in the ion, it is considered negative. It becomes negative by gaining electrons, which can happen a number of ways. Simply put, most often it gains electrons by pulling them off of other elements and molecules. The more electronegative an element is, the easier it is for it to do this. Elements are most stable in their "octet" configuration where all of the available spots in an orbital are filled. Elements with less than a perfect octet will rip electrons off of other things.
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The Department of Energy (DOE) employed approximately 113,000 individuals in 2021.
A full octet, valance shell. A valance shell with eight electrons, such as the Nobel gases have, doe not need to donate or accept electrons into or out of the valance shell to be stable.