The XCHG instuction takes 6 states to execute.
Summary − So this instruction XCHG requires 1-Byte, 4-Machine Cycles (Opcode Fetch) and 4 T-States for execution as shown in the timing diagram.
xchg- Exchange contents of specified destination and source operands. eg. XCHG AL, CL Exchange contents of Al with CL XCHG BP, SI Exchange contents of BP with SI xlat- It is a translate instruction used for code conversion using look up table technique
16
three
The NOP instruction is a no-operation instruction. It does nothing to the state of the machine, except to use some time. In the case of the 8085, it uses four clock cycles plus however many wait states are need to access the NOP instruction from memory.
For calculating the T states of the any instruction ,you should know how many machine cycles does the instruction contains and the number of T states in each of the machine cyclesfor example,In a 8085 microprocessor set ,the instr. JMP contains three machine cyclesopcode fetch which is of 4T or 6T statesmemory read which is of 3T statesanother memory read which is again of 3T statesTherefore , the instr. JMP has a total of 10T states
There is one instruction set in the IA-32. Instruction set is the set of instruction that a processor can execute.
INX H instruction requires 1 machine cycle having 6 T-states because 8-bit instruction operate on 16 bit data (HL) completed in 6 T-states.
RET instruction needs 3 machine cycles. One to fetch and decode the instruction(4 T states), and two more machine cycles(i.e. 2*3=6 T states) to read two bytes from the stack(stack is exterior to microprocessor, stack is in R/W memory, so to exchange data with stack needs machine cycles). Thus, RET instruction needs total 3 machine cycles and 10 T-states.
There is no STAX for HL register pair because the data transfer for STAX can be done through XCHG command. For ex: to transfer the data to the memory loaction specified by the HL pair we do as follows: XCHG STAX D for DE pair and BC pair we can directly do it using STAX
The possible states that define an instruction execution are as follows: Instruction address calculation - Determine the address of the next instruction to be executed. Instruction fetch - Read instruction from its memory location into the processor. Instruction operation decoding - Analyze instruction to determine type of operation to be performed and operand to be used. Operand address calculation - If the operation involves reference to an operand in memory or available via I/O, then determine the address of the operand. Operand fetch - Fetch the operand from memory or read it in from I/O. Data operation - Perform the operation indicated in the instruction. Operand store - Write the result into memory or out to I/O.
There are many affordable ski packages online where you can check out rates and reviews. Look at this website http://www.statravel.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/au_division_web_live/hs.xsl/ski_packages.htm