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Generally external drives are used for backing up information, although it external drives make it very easy to transfer files from one PC to another, like if you have pictures on your computer that you want to show your friends, you can load them on an external drive from your PC and download them on your friends PC to view or save them to the other PC.
An external hard driver And network
The most common cable you would use to get something from an external device to your PC would be a "USB Cable", they come with almost all exteral devices, and can fit to nearly (if not all) PC's. As far as another cable to get something on your PC from an external device, I would assume it to be whats called "Firewire", it's like usb, but not all PC's have a spot to plug it into, a lot of times you must by additional hardware to support firewife. On top of that, most external devices don't use firewire.
CD-R, DVD-R and external hdd
A "Type A" connector.
Microphone Microphone
Memory Controller Chip
Straight Cable is used to connect a device to a different type of devices Eg: PC to a Switch PC to a Hub Switch to a Router E.t.c. Cross Cable is used to connect a device to a similar type of devices Eg: PC to PC Switch to Switch E.t.c.
hard drive
An LE1600 is a Tablet or Slate PC. You can get more information about Tablet PC's at the Wikipedia. Once on the website, type "Tablet PC" into the search field at the top of the page and press enter to bring up the information.
Then something is wrong with your PC
The peripherals are all of the input/output devices that are connected to the computer, including the keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, external drives, scanner, router, etc.