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How many years did it take to complete the human genome project?
Wiki User
∙ 16y ago
about 5 and a half years
Wiki User
∙ 16y ago
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How long does it take to get a doctorate in Architecture?
The doctorate would take approximately four years post bachelor's to complete. The actual length of time depends much on how long it takes a student to prepare and defend their dissertation, which is an individual student project advancing an original view point on a topic of the students choosing with extensive supporting research, and approved by the designated committee.The doctorate would take approximately four years post bachelor's to complete. The actual length of time depends much on how long it takes a student to prepare and defend their dissertation, which is an individual student project advancing an original view point on a topic of the students choosing with extensive supporting research, and approved by the designated committee.The doctorate would take approximately four years post bachelor's to complete. The actual length of time depends much on how long it takes a student to prepare and defend their dissertation, which is an individual student project advancing an original view point on a topic of the students choosing with extensive supporting research, and approved by the designated committee.The doctorate would take approximately four years post bachelor's to complete. The actual length of time depends much on how long it takes a student to prepare and defend their dissertation, which is an individual student project advancing an original view point on a topic of the students choosing with extensive supporting research, and approved by the designated committee.The doctorate would take approximately four years post bachelor's to complete. The actual length of time depends much on how long it takes a student to prepare and defend their dissertation, which is an individual student project advancing an original view point on a topic of the students choosing with extensive supporting research, and approved by the designated committee.The doctorate would take approximately four years post bachelor's to complete. The actual length of time depends much on how long it takes a student to prepare and defend their dissertation, which is an individual student project advancing an original view point on a topic of the students choosing with extensive supporting research, and approved by the designated committee.
Human being as you know them have existed for about how many years?
10 million years since our first ancestors and about 250 thousand years for man as you know. 1000 years since we have started to eat our planet to waste.
What famous building which took 15 years and 20000 tons of marble to complete did pericles construct?
Parthenon
What process did Spartan males complete become candidates for election to the Council of Elders?
By becoming 60 years of age.
What work of art took Michelangelo eight years to complete?
The Sistine Chapel (ceiling + Last Judgment).
How long did they think it would take to complete the human genome?
Yes, in 1996, with over 5000 gene markers, and over 200 genes shown to be associated with certain diseases. The HUGO (Human Genome Organization) monitors the activities surrounding this.
What are the disadvantages to human genome project?
the only negative to it that genome studies are so vast it will take many years of study to fairly understand this well. provided in the related links box is a good link to read about the human genome project
What is human gerome project?
According to their site:Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. During the early years of the HGP, the Wellcome Trust (U.K.) became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others.
What historical events happenedin the last 30 years?
9/11 Bush became prez Clinton was in office Gulf War Afghanistan War Challenger disaster advancements in the computer industry the human genome project
What are the benefits of automated DNA sequencing?
DNA sequencing enables the scientists to determine genome sequence. Human genome projects is the biggest example of DNA sequencing. When the human genome was sequenced back in 2001, many issue rose but now after many years, we can see it's impacts on medical and pharmaceutical research.
What is the most complete biological record on earth?
My non-professional guess: The genome record for a given species. It can trace, with reasonable completeness, the migrations of populations over many thousands of years.
What is the size of the human genome?
AnswerThe human genome is made up of DNA, which has four different chemical building blocks. These are called bases and abbreviated A, T, C, and G. In the human genome, about 3 billion bases are arranged along the chromosomes in a particular order for each unique individual. It's also important to mention that not all of those bases serve a known function. Humans have about 30,000 protein coding genes, which comprise only 2% of our genome but form the builiding blocks of all our cells. The other 98% is made up of elements such as miRNA which regulate how the protein coding genes function. Only a few years ago it was thought most of the DNA in the human genome was junk (repetative waste accumulated over evolution that cluttered the genome) It is now becoming clear that at least 80% of the genome is transcribed and may therefore be of some involved in how our bodies function.To get an idea of the size of the human genome present in each of our cells, consider the following analogy: If the DNA sequence of the human genome were compiled in books, the equivalent of 200 volumes the size of a Manhattan telephone book (at 1000 pages each) would be needed to hold it all.It would take about 9.5 years to read out loud (without stopping) the 3 billion bases in a person's genome sequence. This is calculated on a reading rate of 10 bases per second, equaling 600 bases/minute, 36,000 bases/hour, 864,000 bases/day, 315,360,000 bases/year.Storing all this information is a great challenge to computer experts known as bioinformatics specialists. One million bases (called a megabase and abbreviated Mb) of DNA sequence data is roughly equivalent to 1/4 megabyte of computer data storage space. Since the human genome is 3 billion base pairs long, 3/4 gigabytes of computer data storage space are needed to store the entire genome. This includes nucleotide sequence data only and does not include data annotations and other information that can be associated with sequence data.As time goes on, more annotations will be entered as a result of laboratory findings, literature searches, data analyses, personal communications, automated data-analysis programs, and auto annotators. These annotations associated with the sequence data will likely dwarf the amount of storage space actually taken up by the initial 3 billion nucleotide sequence. Of course, that's not much of a surprise because the sequence is merely one starting point for much deeper biological understanding!Remember that humans have a diploid genome thus our entire complement of DNA is composed of 6 billion bases; 3 billion from each parent.The reason for the Human Genome Project is to map out the human genome so as to find a way to prevent genetic disorders such as birth defects and so on.
Mba project marks for jntu hyderaba?
The MBA Degree ... 2.2 If a candidate fails to complete MBA course within four academic years
Are basic human genetics different by race?
DUMB DUMB DUMB---->No. The human genome is the human genome regardless of race. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Please leave the social politics out of this. Yes. Geographically separated breeding groups over thousands of years do develop small percentage of difference in genetic diversity. The difference between humans and chimpanzees is on the order of 1.6%. The difference between different human racial groups in the range of 0.02 to 0.1%. Biologist are learning that gene expression is a more powerful determiner in biological function than previously believed. So genetic mutation and gene expression are the two most important factors in determines our functional differences.
How many gens did scientist expect to identify during the human genome project?
In 2003, estimates from gene-prediction programs suggested there might be 24,500 or fewer protein-coding genes. The Ensembl genome-annotation system estimates them at 23,299.When analysis of the draft human genome sequence was published by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium on February 15, 2001, the paper estimated only about 30,000 to 40,000 protein-coding genes, much lower than previous estimates of about 100,000. This lower estimate came as a shock to many scientists because counting genes was viewed as a way of quantifying genetic complexity. With about 30,000, the human gene count would be only one-third greater than that of the simple roundworm C. elegans, which has about 20,000 genes.Studies since the publication of the draft genome sequence have generated widely different estimates. An analysis by scientists at Ohio State University suggested between 65,000 and 75,000 human genes, and another study published in Cell in August 2001 predicted a total of 42,000Although the completion of the Human Genome Project was celebrated in April 2003 and sequencing of the human chromosomes is essentially "finished," the exact number of genes encoded by the genome is still unknown. October 2004 findings from The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, led in the United States by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) and the Department of Energy (DOE), reduce the estimated number of human protein-coding genes from 35,000 to only 20,000-25,000, a surprisingly low number for our species. Consortium researchers have confirmed the existence of 19,599 protein-coding genes in the human genome and identified another 2,188 DNA segments that are predicted to be protein-coding genes.In 2003, estimates from gene-prediction programs suggested there might be 24,500 or fewer protein-coding genes. The Ensembl genome-annotation system estimates them at 23,299.It could be years before a truly reliable gene count can be assessed. The reason for so much uncertainty is that predictions are derived from different computational methods and gene-finding programs. Some programs detect genes by looking for distinct patterns that define where a gene begins and ends ("ab initio" gene finding). Other programs look for genes by comparing segments of sequence with those of known genes and proteins (comparative gene finding). While ab initio gene finding tends to overestimate gene numbers by counting any segment that looks like a gene, comparative gene finding tends to underestimate since it is limited to recognizing only those genes similar to what scientists have seen before. Defining a gene is problematic because small genes can be difficult to detect, one gene can code for several protein products, some genes code only for RNA, two genes can overlap, and many other complications.Even with improved genome analysis, computation alone is simply not enough to generate an accurate gene number. Clearly, gene predictions will have to be verified by labor-intensive work in the laboratory before the scientific community can reach any real consensus.See the related link.
Who was the first animal on the earth?
We were......the human evolution has changed over the years though, thus creating other animals to complete the circuit of life.
How long does it take to complete a Ph.D in music therapy?
The PhD would take approximately four years post high school completion. Most of the degree length depends on how long it takes to complete and defend the dissertation, which is on an original research project.
