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How may leishmaniasis be said to be a common disorder?
At any one time, about 20 million people throughout the world are infected with leishmaniasis. Between one million and one and one-half million cases of cutaenous leishmaniasis are reported yearly worldwide.
How may the risk of developing keratitis be minimized?
Eating a well-balanced diet and wearing protective glasses when working or playing in potentially dangerous situations can reduce anyone's risk of developing keratitis
How can the effects of malocclusion be minimized?
It may be minimized by controlling habits such as finger or thumb sucking.
Leishmaniasis?
DefinitionLeishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by the bite of the sandfly.Alternative NamesKala-azarCauses, incidence, and risk factorsThere are different forms of leishmaniasis.Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects the skin and mucus membranes. Skin sores usually start at the site of the sandfly bite. They can last for months or years before healing on their own. In a few people, sores may develop on mucus membranes.Systemic, or visceral leishmaniasis affects the entire body. This form occurs 2 - 8 months after a person is bitten by the sandfly. Most people do not remember having a skin sore. This form can lead to deadly complications. The parasites damage the immune system by decreasing the numbers of disease-fighting cells.Cases of leishmaniasis have been reported on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. In the Americas, leishmaniasis can be found in Mexico and South America. Leishmaniasis has been reported in military personnel returning from the Persian Gulf.SymptomsCutaneous leishmaniasis affects the skin and sometimes the mucus membranes. Symptoms may include:Skin sores, which may become a skin ulcer that heals very slowlyUlcers and wearing away (erosion) in the mouth, tongue, gums, lips, nose, and inner noseStuffy nose, runny nose, and nosebleedsBreathing difficultySwallowing difficultySystemic visceral infection in children usually begins suddenly with vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and cough. Adults usually have a fever for 2 weeks to 2 months, along with symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and appetite loss. Weakness increases as the disease gets worse.Other symptoms of systemic visceral leishmaniasis may include:Belly area (abdominal) discomfortCough (children)Diarrhea (children)Fever that lasts for weeks; may come and go in cyclesNight sweatsScaly, gray, dark, ashen skinThinning hairVomiting (children)Weight lossSigns and testsA physical exam may show signs of an enlarged spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. The patient may have been bitten by sandflies, or was in an area known for leishmaniasis.Tests that may be done to diagnose the condition include:Biopsy of the spleen and cultureBone marrow biopsy and cultureDirect agglutination assayIndirect immunofluorescent antibody testLymph node biopsy and cultureMontenegro skin testSkin biopsyOther tests that may be done include:Complete blood countSerum immunoglobulin levelsSerum proteinSerum albuminSerologic testingTreatmentMedicines called antimony-containing compounds are the main drugs used to treat leishmaniasis. These include:Meglumine antimonateSodium stibogluconateOther drugs that may be used include:Amphotericin BFluconazolePentamidinePlastic surgery may be needed to correct the disfigurement caused by sores on the face (cutaneous leishmaniasis). Patients with drug-resistant viral leishmaniasis may need to have their spleen removed (splenectomy).Expectations (prognosis)Cure rates are high with the proper medicine. Patients should get treated before damage to the immune system occurs. Cutaneous leishmaniasis may lead to disfigurement.Death is usually caused by complications (such as other infections), rather than from the disease itself. Death often occurs within 2 years.ComplicationsDeadly infections due to immune system damageDisfigurement of the faceBleeding (hemorrhage)Calling your health care providerContact your health care provider if you have symptoms of leishmaniasis after visiting an area where the disease is known to occur.PreventionPreventing sandfly bites is the most immediate form of protection. You can prevent a bite by:Wearing insect repellentWearing protective clothingScreening windowsPutting fine mesh netting around the bed (in areas where the disease occurs)Public health measures to reduce the sandfly population and animal reservoirs are important. There are no preventive vaccines or drugs for leishmaniasis.ReferencesJeronimo SMB, DeQueiroz-Sousa A, Pearson RD. Leishmaniasis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 369.
What are advantages of crossed Cheques?
The risk consequence upon loss of cheque is minimized
What is the difference between risk or hazard?
a hazard is a condition that can impair mission accoomplishment and a risk is a hazard that has been quantified by how much it affects the mission
What is the difference between a calculated risk an unnecessary risk?
Well calculated risk may involve you to think out or estimate a risk your going to take , &. An unnecessary risk may involve you to just risk it all .
What is confidentiality may be broken in pharmacy?
Confidentiality in pharmacy may be broken in situations where patient safety is at risk, such as when there is a threat of harm to the patient or others. Additionally, legal obligations may require pharmacists to disclose information, such as in cases of abuse or when mandated by law enforcement. In emergencies, sharing information with healthcare providers to ensure proper treatment may also be justified. However, any breach should be minimized and handled with care to protect patient privacy.
What is the origin of the phrase 'pulling a rusty'?
in cockney rhyming slang "rusty nail" means jail; so pulling a rusty may mean incurring a jail sentence.
Could you die if you were stabbed while being severely anemic Would you die?
A stab wound while anemic may result in significantly higher risk of injury or death. If stabbed while anemic, the lack of blood cells and hemoglobin will result in the inability to seal the stab wound. The result could be minimized by treating the anemia beforehand.
What are the risk of mining one risk of mining is sickness and injuries?
you may get caved in
Which of the following health claims are true A Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure B Fish with high levels of mercury may reduce the risk of heart disease?
Diets low in fat may reudce the risk of some cancers Calcium may reduce the risk of osteoperosis Diets low in sodium may reduce the high risk of high blood pressure
