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Definition

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by the bite of the sandfly.

Alternative Names

Kala-azar

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

There are different forms of leishmaniasis.

  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects the skin and mucus membranes. Skin sores usually start at the site of the sandfly bite. They can last for months or years before healing on their own. In a few people, sores may develop on mucus membranes.
  • Systemic, or visceral leishmaniasis affects the entire body. This form occurs 2 - 8 months after a person is bitten by the sandfly. Most people do not remember having a skin sore. This form can lead to deadly complications. The parasites damage the immune system by decreasing the numbers of disease-fighting cells.

Cases of leishmaniasis have been reported on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. In the Americas, leishmaniasis can be found in Mexico and South America. Leishmaniasis has been reported in military personnel returning from the Persian Gulf.

Symptoms

Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects the skin and sometimes the mucus membranes. Symptoms may include:

  • Skin sores, which may become a skin ulcer that heals very slowly
  • Ulcers and wearing away (erosion) in the mouth, tongue, gums, lips, nose, and inner nose
  • Stuffy nose, runny nose, and nosebleeds
  • Breathing difficulty
  • Swallowing difficulty

Systemic visceral infection in children usually begins suddenly with vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and cough. Adults usually have a fever for 2 weeks to 2 months, along with symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and appetite loss. Weakness increases as the disease gets worse.

Other symptoms of systemic visceral leishmaniasis may include:

  • Belly area (abdominal) discomfort
  • Cough (children)
  • Diarrhea (children)
  • Fever that lasts for weeks; may come and go in cycles
  • Night sweats
  • Scaly, gray, dark, ashen skin
  • Thinning hair
  • Vomiting (children)
  • Weight loss
Signs and tests

A physical exam may show signs of an enlarged spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. The patient may have been bitten by sandflies, or was in an area known for leishmaniasis.

Tests that may be done to diagnose the condition include:

Other tests that may be done include:

Treatment

Medicines called antimony-containing compounds are the main drugs used to treat leishmaniasis. These include:

  • Meglumine antimonate
  • Sodium stibogluconate

Other drugs that may be used include:

  • Amphotericin B
  • Fluconazole
  • Pentamidine

Plastic surgery may be needed to correct the disfigurement caused by sores on the face (cutaneous leishmaniasis). Patients with drug-resistant viral leishmaniasis may need to have their spleen removed (splenectomy).

Expectations (prognosis)

Cure rates are high with the proper medicine. Patients should get treated before damage to the immune system occurs. Cutaneous leishmaniasis may lead to disfigurement.

Death is usually caused by complications (such as other infections), rather than from the disease itself. Death often occurs within 2 years.

Complications
  • Deadly infections due to immune system damage
  • Disfigurement of the face
  • Bleeding (hemorrhage)
Calling your health care provider

Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of leishmaniasis after visiting an area where the disease is known to occur.

Prevention

Preventing sandfly bites is the most immediate form of protection. You can prevent a bite by:

  • Wearing insect repellent
  • Wearing protective clothing
  • Screening windows
  • Putting fine mesh netting around the bed (in areas where the disease occurs)

Public health measures to reduce the sandfly population and animal reservoirs are important. There are no preventive vaccines or drugs for leishmaniasis.

References

Jeronimo SMB, DeQueiroz-Sousa A, Pearson RD. Leishmaniasis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 369.

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Who discovered leishmaniasis?

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How does leishmaniasis spread?

Leishmaniasis is normally spread via the bite of a female sandfly in areas where Leishmaniasis is endemic. Leishmaniasis is also spread by blood transfusion, sharing needles, sexually and congenitally. The Leishmaniasis parasite has been proven to survive in stored blood for at least 30 days which is why the US Military and the CDC have a ban on donating blood for one year for persons returning from endemic countries, to include Iraq and Afghanistan.


How may leishmaniasis be said to be a common disorder?

At any one time, about 20 million people throughout the world are infected with leishmaniasis. Between one million and one and one-half million cases of cutaenous leishmaniasis are reported yearly worldwide.


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Can leishmaniasis be transmitted from one dog to another?

Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies which bite an infected dog and then bite another causing the transmission. Potentially humans can be infected in the same manner.


What is the vector of transmission for leishmaniasis?

The vector of transmission for leishmaniasis is typically a sandfly, which becomes infected by biting an infected animal or person. The sandfly then transmits the parasite to a new host through its bite.


Can you die from Leishmaniasis?

no you can not die from leishmanasis. you can only die from it if it is kept untreated.


How many people are affected every year by leishmaniasis?

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What is human leishmaniasis?

Human leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus, transmitted through the bites of infected sandflies. It can manifest as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral forms, with symptoms ranging from skin ulcers to organ damage, and can be fatal if left untreated. Leishmaniasis is mainly found in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting millions of people worldwide each year.


How does leishmaniasis attack?

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Is leishmaniasis viral?

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