1gran per caliber
It is a Mountain Stalker. You should contact customer service, and get an owner's manual for your rifle. A .54 caliber rifle will use ABOUT 80-90 grains of black powder per shot. The exact load will depend of whether you are shooting round patched ball, Maxi-ball, or sabots.
Follow the recommendations in the owner's manual.
100-500 or so
Without a doubt yes, given the proper load and accurate shot. Though it is not legal to use less than .45 caliber in most states now, some time ago my father and I hunted in New England with .36 caliber black powder rifles with great success.
40 grains of fffG
During the performance of "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theatre Booth snuck up into Lincoln's box and shot him with a single shot to the head from a .44 caliber Philadelphia Derringer. It was up close and personal.Lincoln was at a theater
Pyrodex , clean-shot , Or tripple 7
Depends on the case and the size of the powder charge. There are many .30 caliber cartridges and the ranges will be different for each one.
I would need to know the caliber and type (revolver, single shot. flintlock, percussion) to answer the question exactly, but the best place to start is with as many grains of powder as the caliber divided by half for a hand gun or revolver as a MAXIMUM LOAD. So a .45 cal. would be about 20-23 grain. I usually start out around 12-15 grains and work from there.
Depends on the caliber being shot. Small caliber, little kick back. Larger caliber bigger kick back...
100-1000 or more
You need to contact the maker or get a book on Blackpowder shooting that has loads in it. Different types of weapons and projectiles and powders will determine what is a safe load.