There is no straight forward answer for this, Newton described this in his Law of Cooling. The rate of cooling (change in temperature) is proportional to the difference in temperature. Here is an example, let's say you shade a area on the ground, when you remove the shade and expose it to the sun, the rate of cooling will be rapid at first because the difference between the shaded area and the sun's radiative temperature are greatest. Then the temperature will begin to level off as the two temperatures begin to reach an equilibrium.
in a shade
A thermometer is not kept in direct sunlight because the temperature needed to be recorded by the thermometer is of the air and not the rays of the sun.
Take your Kelvin temperature and subtract 273.15
No, metals have low spefic heats, meaning they do not take much energy to change temperature.
A change in the physical environment - a change in temperature or pressure
It's the rate of change of temperature.
Almost all chemical changes release or take in energy, and thus do result in changes in temperature.
The amount of heat required is called the specific sensible heat for the substance. Sensible, in this context, means something which can be sensed. This is in contrast to latent heat which is used to change the phase of a substance without a change in temperature.
You may need to rephrase the question. Thermal expansion is the amount a material expands or contracts under temperature change; expansion is instantaeous with temperature. When temperature is reached, so is expansion. It may take time to rach temperature, however.
It depends on what temperature is is at and how much water there is.
Every single person will contribute to increasing the room temperature.
Every single person will contribute to increasing the room temperature.