Energy

Yes, chemical energy is a form of potential energy. An example is the chemical energy in coal, which can be burned to convert that chemical energy into thermal energy.

Primarily, the earth generates internal heat by radioactive decay, which continuously rises and radiates from the surface. Harvesting this geothermal energy involves pumping water down a drilled shaft, deep into the earth where it collects heat, creating steam. The steam is then directed upward through another shaft to turbines that generate electricity. The recovered water, now cooled, is again pumped down the original shaft in a continuing cycle. Advantages: Cleaner: energy source than fossil fuels. Base-load: energy source. Safer: to develop and use, than fossil fuels. Conserves: fossil fuels, still required in some applications, Contributes to diversity: of energy sources. Independent: of weather Disadvantages: Not universally available. Emissions: 0 - 88 lbs of CO2 per megawatt-hour (comparatively negligible); trace amounts of mercury, boron, arsenic, antimony, etc. Localized Depletion:In 3 oldest sites, use outruns energy renewal. Geological instability: Basel, Switzerland operation suspended (10,000 seismic events/6 days). Hazard: exploration entails significant risks. 20% failure rate: with significant harm to environment. High Cost: Drilling and exploration. Corrosion maintenance can out-weigh benefit.

Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Lithium (Li) Beryllium (Be) Boron (B) Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Fluorine (F) Neon (Ne) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Aluminium (Al) Silicon (Si) Phosphorous (P) Sulphur (S) Chlorine (Cl) Argon (Ar) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca)

A thermocouple produces a tiny voltage proportional to the temperature difference between two junctions where dissimilar metals meet. <><><> Thermocouples use rare-earth metals (chromium, aluminum, nickel, etc), usually in pairs. As these metals heat up, they react with one another and one metal sheds off an electron, which is then seen as electricity. Thermocouples usually produce a very small amount of electricity, often only enough to operate electric 'gates'.

specific gravity for common natural gas : 0.55 to 0.7 Specific gravity is unitless and is give the density of the gas divided by the density of air at 20C and 1bar.

This is convection. Convection is the effect you get when hotter parts expand and have lower density than cooler parts. What you describe is "melting", with the temperature of the surrounding liquid being higher than the temperature of the marshmallow. So, heat flows from the hotter region to the cooler by conduction and eventually the temperature reaches the melting point. I'd suggest re-arranging that. Conduction transfers the cocoa's heat into the marshmallow, cooling the liquid in doing so. Convection helps to maintain the process by replacing the cooled cocoa with hot. When you place any chocolate in any fluid at a higher temperature than the melting point of chocolate, the chocolate will melt. Likea lump of ice in warm water. Convection playsno role at all- if you prevent convection by packing the fluid with small pebbles etc, the marshmellow will still melt. The heat is transferred by conduction, not convection.

No they can no, not in the winter. That depends upon where you live and the outside temperature. Small children in the home can also make a difference. You may wish to not get into a situation where you could be though. Once the outside temperatures are above freezing they can shut you off and leave you shut off until you pay and add a deposit on your account. There are funds out there to help you including LIHEAP.

The different forms of energy are kinetic, chemical, potential, electrical, electrochemical, thermal, electromagnetic, sound, nuclear, genetical, internal, elastical, anddiscrete.

Potential energy

The relationship is that mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy plus potential energy. Think of a brick sitting on the edge of a table. The brick has potential energy proportional to the mass of the brick and the height of the table: E = m g h where m = mass, g = gravitational acceleration, h = height If the brick falls off the edge, it will begin to accelerate at g, the rate of gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2). If v is the velocity of the brick, it has kinetic energy proportional to the quare of the velocity: E = (m v2)/2 Just before the brick finally hits the floor, all of its potential engergy has been converted to kinetic energy. During the moment of impact, that kinetic energy is converted to noise and vibration.

'Electricity' is not a quantity, so cannot be measured and, therefore, has no unit of measurement. It is the name of a field of study, just like 'chemistry', etc. A 'unit' of electrical energy is short for 'Board of Trade Unit' (a former government organisation that, at one time, set energy prices in the UK), and is exactly equivalent to a kilowatt hour, which is defined as the amount of energy consumed, over a period of one hour, at a rate of one kilowatt. A unit or kilowatt hour is equal to 3.6 million joules (a joule being the SI unit for energy), and normally costs around £0.15 to buy.

heat

1 MW = 1000 kW = 1,000,000 W

electrical to heat

Glycolocsis- the break down of gluclose to store in energy in bonds. breaks gluclose down to pyruvates and 2 ATP (energy). first step in cellular respiration. pretty much all food has gluclose. all animals/humans process gluclose.

Mainly that they need sunshine to work. Even reduced sunshine severely limits the amount of useful energy that comes from cells. Clouds may reduce output to a slight trickle as the UV radiation needed is reflected by clouds. Solar panels can also become damaged with large hail, flying debris or other objects striking the panel. Heat is another factor. Temperatures over 85 degrees show severe degradation of the output of a panel. Probably the worst limiting factor with solar panels though is the projected life span of the units. My homes system, operating as it stands for the past four years, should reach ROI (Return on investment) in about 25 years. This is also the projected lifespan of the panels. A panel is considered to be within operating parameters when the panels operates at 75% of the normal output.

The "funhouse effect" is what you experience when you walk or stand on or stand near something that you think is level, that isn't, or that makes you think that isn't. Let's say, your standing in front of a few funky mirrors, really wavy, right, and then you start to feel dizzy? That feeling, is the "funhouse" one. Or if you walk up a set of stairs, and all of a sudden you feel like you're going to tumble over the railings? It's because the stairs are ever so slanted to one side or the other. So that's the "funhouse effect."

Solar energy from the sun's rays drives the water cycle. Heat from Sol, our sun, supplies the energy that drives the water cycle. The energy enters Earth's sphere as radiant energy (electromagnetic energy - 'photons' in quantum speak), largely in visible wavelengths. Some of this inbound energy is reflected back out, mainly by clouds, snow, and ice, and this reflection is Earth's albedo. (Hint: We see our moon by its albedo!) Much of this inbound radiant energy is absorbed and that Earth matter that absorbs this energy is heated. This heating creates a temperature differential which is the water cycle driver.

The total energy in an isolated system remains constant over time.

Same as any other generator. The key part is a machine with magnets, and certain interactions between magnetism and electricity - basically, if a wire moves through a magnetic field, a voltage will be generated. You can read more details about this in any high-school physics book.

The ultimate source of energy was probably the energy which made the big bang. Everything since, galaxies, stars, planets, comets, expansion, seems to have come from that. A tiny part of that energy created our solar system. Most of the solar system energy is stored in the Sun, our star. The energy stored in our star, largely in the form of hydrogen gas, is slowly being released as sunlight radiation by the conversion of the sun's hydrogen to helium via the process called fusion. Four hydrogen atoms fuse into one helium atom. The helium nucleus masses a smidge less than the four hydrogen nuclei (which are protons) and the difference in mass appears as energy according to the equation E = mc2. {The Hydrogens mass 1.008 each, or 4 for 4.032. The helium masses 4.003. Thus 0.029 atomic units have been converted to energy.} Of course, this is per helium nucleus, and there is a lot of gas on the sun, and there is that multiplication by c2. All the energy we have or receive, except possibly nuclear, comes from or came from our Sun.

Assuming that no energy gets converted to/from other types of energy, only between potential and kinetic energy, then every time the potential energy goes up, the kinetic energy goes down - and vice versa. The exact details of HOW the graph goes up and down vary, depending on the situation, but the two curves are related as explained.

In a vacuum, they all travel at the speed of light - about 300,000,000 meters/second. 299,792,458 m/s exactly is a defined physical constant.

PE = mgh (potential energy = mass x gravity x height), so it depends on those three factors.

Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to light, television, X rays, etc. All of these travel through space and materials in the form of waves. These are energy waves, that is they are waves that contain energy and, that energy can then be transformed into other things when the waves interact with materials. For example, in the case of microwaves, the energy in the microwave wave is converted to heat in many materials, such as food. On the other hand, when these microwaves travel through space, such as the inside of your microwave oven, they do not heat the air because the air is essentially invisible to the microwave energy wave.