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4324
5 Pounds per Square Inch
A lot
300mm is a very low head, you can't expect much flow through that pipe, but you can work it out from the mechanical energy balance equation.
In most there is a washer in them that has a small hole in it so that only so much water can get through regardless of how much pressure is behind it.
question cannot be answered because it depends on the water pressure
300 gallons per minute
As much as you want. But a larger quantity will take longer to pass through the hose.
Depends on what's flowing (gas or water or something else) and under how much pressure.
4324
5 Pounds per Square Inch
More, depending on how long you allow the flow to flow.
Depending on the time allowed, all the water you want.
Channel flow is how much water flows through a channel.
Given enough time the entire ocean could be pumped through a half-inch pipe.
A lot
That depends on the pressure behind the flow, and on the length of time the flow is allowed to continue.