King Xerxes tried to carry on his father Darius I's attempt to establish an ethnic frontier by subjugating mainland Greece, as the mainland Greek states were fomenting rebellion in the Greek states in Asia which were under Persian control. He lost, and Athens established an anti-Persian league which dominated the eastern Mediterranean.
Although the internal fighting in the Greek world subsequently eroded the strength of the Greek states, and Persian gold was able to buy influence in them, the rise of Macedonia, and Philip II's and then Alexander's control of Greece tipped the balance of power against Persia.
Alexander took the empire's Mediterranean coastline and so removed the Persian fleet, and as on land Persia's military forces were unable to match the power of Macedonian-Greek forces, he was able to defeat them in three major battles, and so take over the Persian Empire.
Alexander the Great took over the Empire.
The breakaway of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor, the rise of Macedonia and its conquest of Persia.
The Persian Empire.
The Persian Empire was not a person.
Persian Empire
Alexander the Great took over the Empire.
Their loss in the Greco-Persian War as well as internal unrest within conquered lands.
The breakaway of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor, the rise of Macedonia and its conquest of Persia.
Internal revolution, including by the Greek city-states and Egypt. The threat and then actuality of invasion by Macedonia.
The Persian Empire.
The Persian Empire was not a person.
Persian Empire
Egypt was conquered by Cambyses II, the ruler of the Achaemenid Empire, the second of the four pre-Islamic Persian Empires
The Persian Empire absorbed the Babylonian Empire.
Alexander the Great defeated the Persian empire
The Persian Empire absorbed the Baabylonian Empire.
An empire is an empire, a war is a war.