The term 'Clergy' means anyone who is ordained. In the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox Churches among many others) there are three 'levels' of ordination - deacons, priests and bishops. These are collectively known as clergy. All other offices (monseigneur, archdeacon, canon, dean etc) are purely administrative or honorary. So the term 'clergy' means anyone who is ordained both in monsteries or in the community as vicars, parish priests, chaplains and so on. Monks, however, always live in a closed community. Monks may or may not be ordained as priests, deacons or bishops, but they all have one thing in common. They live in a community called a monastery (or abbey). This means that they have to fulfil the rules of their particular order of monasticism (e.g. Franciscan. Benedictine etc) and contribute to the community through communal prayer and service.
Monks, in the Catholic Church, are men who live under religious vows of Obedience, Stability, and Conversion on Manners in order to follow the Counsels of Perfection (and Our Blessed Lord said, "If you would be perfect, sell what to you have, give to the poor, and come follow me). Priests are completely different. Priests are men who are ordained to serve as mediators between God and man. Some monks may be ordained priests, and, as a matter of fact, most Benedictine choir monks were always ordained to the priesthood, while Benedictine claustral monks were not.
A priest who is also a monk is different from other priests in that he is bound to his religious superior as well as to his rule. Thus he would be living under obedience to his superior, as well as stability and conversion of manners to his Abbey. Secular clergy (priests who are not monks) must take a promises of obedience to their Bishop and his successors, and they may not marry, but that is all. They are not bound by religious vows either of stability and conversion of manners; or the classic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
These are members of the church with different duties
Any clergy who has been convicted of pedophila is automatically laicized (removed from the clergy and barred from presenting himself as Catholic clergy). Excommuncication is something entirely different, a convicted pedophile who was a member of the clergy may or may not be excommunicated depending on other factors.
They were members of the Church and were under the protection of Church law. This set all clergy apart from other classes under the feudal system.Unlike peasants, merchants or members of the aristocracy, monks could not be tried by manorial or royal courts, but only by a bishop or archbishop. In fact very few monks ever had to face a court trial since they were dealt with by their own prior or abbot.
They were members of the Church and were under the protection of Church law. This set all clergy apart from other classes under the feudal system.Unlike peasants, merchants or members of the aristocracy, monks could not be tried by manorial or royal courts, but only by a bishop or archbishop. In fact very few monks ever had to face a court trial since they were dealt with by their own prior or abbot.
Monks typically do not belong to a specific social class as their lifestyle revolves around spiritual pursuits and renunciation of material possessions. Monastic traditions often encourage monks to detach from worldly concerns, including social hierarchies and material wealth.
In English, probably Brother. Ordained members would probably still be called Father.
The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into "higher" and "lower" clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were, effectively, clerical nobility, from the families of the Second Estate. At the other extreme, the "lower clergy" (about equally divided between parish priests and monks and nuns) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate, which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population).
Friars live the evangelical counsels (vows of poverty, chastity and obedience) to service the community. Monks practice asceticism (living alone or with other monks) and devotion. Monks are self-sufficient, whereas friars live among other people and rely on donations. Friars are can also travel within a wide area, but monks stay in the same place.
Consult with your physician. You may also want to talk to the father and perhaps other people such as family members, clergy members, etc.
Monks are any solemnly professed religious of a monastic Order like the Benedictines, Cistercians, etc. Monks would include both brothers and priests. Brothers are those monks who are not ordained to the priesthood. Other Orders with non-ordained members such as the Dominicans, Carmelites, Franciscans, etc. also have brothers.
You just call Monks Monks and Nuns Nuns. They don't have any other names.
A Laity is all people who are not members of a given profession or other specialized field. In religious organizations, the laity is all people who are not part of the clergy.