We would freeze to death
The sun warms the earth.
It would be hotter than it currently is.
if there is no moon then there alway the sun which giving its heat &light
The closer we are to the Sun, the more light would hit the Earth. It would heat up the Earth a little. The time it takes to complete one orbit around the Sun is proportional to the radius of the orbit, so if we were closer to the Sun, the year would be shorter.
The layer most affected by sun is ozone. It is affected the the UV of sun.
The earth's pull on the sun is VERY small. If the earth was to suddenly... disappear, like with a completely impossible (but it would be cool! Or at least if I wasn't on it...) dimension warp, I don't think the sun would be too terribly affected. That's normally. If the sun was twice as big as it is now (DUDE! That's HUGE! Do you KNOW how big the sun is compared to the planet Earth? 0_0), I doubt the earth's gravitational pull would have any affect on the ginormous sun at all.
No. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are affected by the sun. Venus has the most heat though.
If all the water on Earth was suddenly transported to the Sun, the impact on the Sun's temperature would be negligible. The Sun's immense size and heat make the water from Earth a minuscule addition in comparison. The Sun's temperature and energy output would not be noticeably affected.
The real question would be, what's the distance between the Earth and the Moon in that scenario? If the Earth were five times farther from the Sun, and the Moon remained at the same distance from the Earth, then, the Moon would appear to be larger (in angular size) than the Sun did, and the Sun's corona would also be hidden behind the Moon. The width of the path of totality would also be much larger. Lunar eclipses probably wouldn't be affected too much.
By the sun
Yes, while the Earth orbits the Sun, the Moon carries on orbiting the Earth, as it is not as affected by the distant gravity of the Sun as it is by the nearer gravity of Earth.
Plants on earth are affected by UV rays. They are fatal rays of the sun.