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Most mutation is neutral. For instance, if a gene codes for two different proteins as a result of mutation and both those proteins contain amino acids doing the same thing ( amino acids are grouped, hydrophobics, hydrophillics, acidic, etc. ) then protein function is not changed. Most mutations, of any kind, happen in encoding regions of the DNA. Some mutations, especially those leading to replicated proteins, are beneficial to an organism. Check on hemoglobin and immune system. Then there are some deleterious mutations, but do to difference in penetrance and expressivity in genes, some of these are not fatal, some have onset in older ages, and some can be ameliorated by treatement.

So, as you can see, this is very complex, but evolution has a long time to work in, so even very rare beneficial mutations can come to fruition, while the worst of the deleterious mutations are spread out over evolutionary time also.

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15y ago

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