Today, each congregation is led by a rabbi. In ancient times, the Hebrews consisted of family-groups (clans; tribes) led by patriarchs. Later, during the three centuries of the Judges, the Israelite nation had sages (led by Sanhedrin-courts) who were consulted in questions of Jewish law and conduct; while individual judges occasionally unified the people in war against some common enemy.
During the four centuries of the monarchy, the Israelites were led by three distinct people or groups: the king, the Sanhedrin and the Kohen Gadol. (See also Deuteronomy ch.17-18.)
The king conducted the nation and made decisions in most national matters but was not necessarily one of the leading sages. It is noteworthy that although the prophets had no temporal power, they were sent by God not only to exhort the people in general, but also to rebuke the king when needed.
The Sanhedrin (court of Sages) was the final authority on Torah-matters. One of its functions was to ensure that the Torah-traditions were handed down intact from generation to generation.
The Kohen Gadol conducted the observances in the Holy Temple, together with the assistance of the rest of the Kohanim and Levites (Numbers ch.8 and 18; Leviticus ch.21). Though the Kohen Gadol had no formal power outside the Temple, he did have great influence due to the prestige of his position. In times of need, he occasionally dealt directly with foreign monarchs (see Talmud, Yoma 47a and 69b).
When the monarchy ceased at the time of the First Destruction, the prophets pointed out that the reason was that there were some individuals, men with positions of power, who misused that power. As was the case concerning the avoidance of idolatry, not everyone heeded the prophets.
Specifically, the monarchy and its hangers-on, and the public functionaries, included a minority that took advantage of those who had no such power.
He was the first king.
Yes, Moses was and is Judaism's greatest prophet. The Torah states that there will never be a prophet like him again.
The journey into Cana'an details the beginning of Judaism.
Mesopotamia was a region in what is now Iraq, where the ancient tribes of Israel used to live. That is where Judaism started. However, I am not sure why you call Mesopotamian an invention. It isn't.
It depends on how the word "figure" is read.If it is referring to which human being is the most important historical personage in Judaism, that would be the Prophet Moses, who received the Torah and helped the Jews escape bondage in Egypt.If it is referring to which symbols represent Judaism, those would be the Star of David and the Menorah (or candelabra).
the teachings of the Torah are Judaism.
There are no particularly important symbols in Judaism, but the number ' 1 ' is quite significant.
Judaism does not have a centralised leadership or hierarchy. Communities choose their rabbis who apply for advertised positions or individuals choose to follow specific rabbis.
The Torah.
In Judaism, a dome is NOT important to a temple.
In the Torah.
Abraham.
Abraham
He was the first king.
All children are important in Judaism. A parent hasn't fulfilled his obligation to "be fruitful and multiply" until he's had a son and a daughter.
because the followers of Judaism were singled out for especially murderous treatment.
It always has been, it has the remains of The Temple which is very important to Judaism. It is the holiest city in Judaism, above all others.