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Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy and heat between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system. Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of particles through the boundary between two systems. When an object is at a different temperature from another body or its surroundings, heat flows so that the body and the surroundings reach the same temperature, at which point they are in thermal equilibrium.
Food energy flows from one organism to the next and to the next and so on, with some energy being lost at each level. Organisms in a food chain are grouped into tropic levels, based on how many links they are removed from the primary producers. In tropic levels there may be one species or a group of species with the same predators and prey.
The drifting apart within a species resulting in more species over time.
The simplest method would be geographic separation of the species, allopactric speciation. The local population of this species is split asunder by some geographic barrier; perhaps a large number of the species, about half, cross a river and take up new territory there. Then the similar population gene pools start to draw apart as different mutations to the DNA and different selection pressures in the new environment shape the across the river species into a new species over time. Long enough and the two split species can not longer, or do not want to, interbreed. This is how bonobos became a new species from common chimpanzees.
Building of dams to harness water energy destroys habitat for many species, including endangered species.
Electron transfer (ET) occurs when an electron moves from an atom or a chemical species (e.g. a molecule) to another atom or chemical species. ET is a mechanistic description of the thermodynamic concept of redox, wherein the oxidation states of both reaction partners change.
yes, it is known as cross polliination. pollen grains of one plant transfer to stgma of another plant of the same species.
You would be actually transferring a set of codes expressed as codons that will form the gene. You would be cutting one gene from a chromosome and inserting it in to another chromosome. This is called lateral gene transfer. You would use an intermediate such as a plasmid or virus to complete this transfer. Vertical gene transfer is another name for the genes that a parent passes to their offspring.
Inter-species gene transfer.
A species becoming dependent on another species .
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from one flower to another of the same species. Bees often go to the same type of flower if they have found food there before.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from one flower to another of the same species. Bees often go to the same type of flower if they have found food there before.
color
color
Their size
plasmids that have transfer systems that allow transfer of DNA to unrelated species are called promiscuous plasmids.
Reproduction