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The pigment molecules and electron transport chains involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. As energy is released from electrons traveling through the chain of acceptors, it is used to pump protons (that is, H+ ions) from the stroma of the chloroplast across the thylakoid membrane and into the center of the thylakoid. Thus, protons accumlate within the thylakoids, lowering the pH of the thylakoid interior and making it more acidic. A proton gradient possesses potential energy that can be used to form ATP.Protons are prevented from diffusing out of the thylakoid because the thylakoid membrane is impermeable to protons except at certain points bridged by an enzyme called ATP synthase. This protein extends across the thylakoid membrane and forms a channel through which protons can leave the thylakoid. As the protons pass through ATP synthetase, energy is released, and this energy is tapped by ATP synthase to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The coupling of ATP synthesis to a protein gradient formed by energy released during electron transport is called chemiosmosis.
where does the energy used to establish the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane come from? In other words, from splitting of water. well that's not what he said but there you go.
Protons produced from the oxygen evolving complex and the cytochrome b6f complex in photosynthesis produce a proton pool or gradient in the thylakoid lumen. These protons then movie through ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP + Pi. This ATP is later used in conjunction with NADPH to power the Calvin Cycle.
Down the concentration gradient
ATP molecules are essentially cellular energy currency. The hydrogen gradient (or proton gradient as it is technically called) is responsible for the functioning of a protein complex called ATP synthase which in turn is responsible for the synthesis of ATP molecules. Therefore, the proton gradient is the driving force for the synthesis of ATP molecules.
across the thylakoid membrane
The pigment molecules and electron transport chains involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. As energy is released from electrons traveling through the chain of acceptors, it is used to pump protons (that is, H+ ions) from the stroma of the chloroplast across the thylakoid membrane and into the center of the thylakoid. Thus, protons accumlate within the thylakoids, lowering the pH of the thylakoid interior and making it more acidic. A proton gradient possesses potential energy that can be used to form ATP.Protons are prevented from diffusing out of the thylakoid because the thylakoid membrane is impermeable to protons except at certain points bridged by an enzyme called ATP synthase. This protein extends across the thylakoid membrane and forms a channel through which protons can leave the thylakoid. As the protons pass through ATP synthetase, energy is released, and this energy is tapped by ATP synthase to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The coupling of ATP synthesis to a protein gradient formed by energy released during electron transport is called chemiosmosis.
The pigment molecules and electron transport chains involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. As energy is released from electrons traveling through the chain of acceptors, it is used to pump protons (that is, H+ ions) from the stroma of the chloroplast across the thylakoid membrane and into the center of the thylakoid. Thus, protons accumlate within the thylakoids, lowering the pH of the thylakoid interior and making it more acidic. A proton gradient possesses potential energy that can be used to form ATP.Protons are prevented from diffusing out of the thylakoid because the thylakoid membrane is impermeable to protons except at certain points bridged by an enzyme called ATP synthase. This protein extends across the thylakoid membrane and forms a channel through which protons can leave the thylakoid. As the protons pass through ATP synthetase, energy is released, and this energy is tapped by ATP synthase to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The coupling of ATP synthesis to a protein gradient formed by energy released during electron transport is called chemiosmosis.
The pigment molecules and electron transport chains involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. As energy is released from electrons traveling through the chain of acceptors, it is used to pump protons (that is, H+ ions) from the stroma of the chloroplast across the thylakoid membrane and into the center of the thylakoid. Thus, protons accumlate within the thylakoids, lowering the pH of the thylakoid interior and making it more acidic. A proton gradient possesses potential energy that can be used to form ATP.Protons are prevented from diffusing out of the thylakoid because the thylakoid membrane is impermeable to protons except at certain points bridged by an enzyme called ATP synthase. This protein extends across the thylakoid membrane and forms a channel through which protons can leave the thylakoid. As the protons pass through ATP synthetase, energy is released, and this energy is tapped by ATP synthase to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The coupling of ATP synthesis to a protein gradient formed by energy released during electron transport is called chemiosmosis.
The electron transport chain releases energy in order to pump protons (hydrogen ions) from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment, creating a proton gradient within the thylakoid membrane.
where does the energy used to establish the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane come from? In other words, from splitting of water. well that's not what he said but there you go.
The pigment molecules and electron transport chains involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. As energy is released from electrons traveling through the chain of acceptors, it is used to pump protons (that is, H+ ions) from the stroma of the chloroplast across the thylakoid membrane and into the center of the thylakoid. Thus, protons accumlate within the thylakoids, lowering the pH of the thylakoid interior and making it more acidic. A proton gradient possesses potential energy that can be used to form ATP.Protons are prevented from diffusing out of the thylakoid because the thylakoid membrane is impermeable to protons except at certain points bridged by an enzyme called ATP synthase. This protein extends across the thylakoid membrane and forms a channel through which protons can leave the thylakoid. As the protons pass through ATP synthetase, energy is released, and this energy is tapped by ATP synthase to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The coupling of ATP synthesis to a protein gradient formed by energy released during electron transport is called chemiosmosis.
Synthesis of ATP
In the thylakoid between photosystem II and photosystem I.
Protons produced from the oxygen evolving complex and the cytochrome b6f complex in photosynthesis produce a proton pool or gradient in the thylakoid lumen. These protons then movie through ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP + Pi. This ATP is later used in conjunction with NADPH to power the Calvin Cycle.
water (apex)
The concentration gradient is what causes molecules to diffuse.