yes.
Yes.
No.
The climate is harsh because it is near the Arctic circle, and because patches of freezing air reside above Siberia.
Siberia (part of Russia)
About 250 miles
Siberia (part of Russia)
The more populated parts of Canada are well below the Arctic Circle, but parts of Canada are above the Arctic Circle.
The Arctic
Yes,some of them do,for example in Russian Siberia.
above
No.
The region north of the Arctic Circle is known as the Arctic.
It is above the equator.
Murmansk