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Yes.
Iron cannot release energy by fusion. When a star has used up all the lighter elements and has just iron left, it has no more nuclear "fuel". That causes the star to contract then explode very violently as a supernova.
A supergiant star has an atmosphere that extends far from the star's center. On a surface area basis, square meters say, the surface is very dim. But since the size is so great the overall brightness is high. Betelgeuse is a good example. The outer atmosphere is so tenuous that there is actually a star orbiting within it. But it is so large that it shines brightly at the right shoulder of Orion.
It will glow VERY BRIGHTLY for a few seconds - and then burn out.
A nova is a star which has a close companion star, and draws stellar material off of it's companion, occasionally flaring up very brightly in the process. A supernova is a massive and hot star to begin with, that tends to go through it's life cycle at high speed, and ending it's life in a cataclysmic explosion. Supernova remnants then collapse into a neutron star - a spinning, very hot pile of stellar ash, so dense that a teaspoonful of it would weigh thousands of tons. If the collapsed supernova star was big enough, it's gravity upon collapse is so intense than not even light can escape from it, and it becomes what is called a "Black Hole".
Yes.
No, a meteor is a small piece of space rock that burns very brightly and with high temperature as it passes into our atmosphere at high speed.
Magnesium is an element that burns very brightly when ignited, producing a brilliant white light.
No. Stars of different sizes and composition have different luminosity (light) levels. A very big star will most likely be blue and shines very brightly, while small stars like white dwarf stars emit very white light, but are mostly very dim.
Cinder Cone volcanoes do explode violently, but not as violently as a composite volcanoes.Yes, they are rather very loud and explosive.
The particles in plasma shake violently at very high temperatures and are electrically charged.
Yes, and very violently...
sodium sodium
Internal reflection.
Iron cannot release energy by fusion. When a star has used up all the lighter elements and has just iron left, it has no more nuclear "fuel". That causes the star to contract then explode very violently as a supernova.
Usually White or very brightly colored.
Gem