Only if the CD is being used as a backup for your collection and you will not distribute it commercially.
It is perfectly legal to give away CDs that belong to you, that is not a copyright violation. It is only a copyright violation for you to make copies of CDs and distribute the copies. You own the CD, and you are free to give away your own property if you so desire.
Yes, you are denying the copyright holder an opportunity to sell to your friend! The copy you made is an illegal copy.Note: it is not a violation if you gave your friend the original copy that you bought (as no new copy was generated by you).
Every lobbying group comes up with its own numbers. The article linked below is old but still good.
The question is rather vague... Ann Landers was employed by a newspaper, which would normally own the copyright in her column. This would cover her written answers and the selection of questions from readers. (In other words, it would be a copyright violation for someone else to take the questions from Ann Landers' columns and publish them with new answers.)
Each book has its own copyright information.
It is not legal to stream website content from the BBC to a personal website. This is a copyright violation.
Parody is one of the uses considered to be fair in many countries; however, court rulings on fair use are inconsistent. If you have concerns, it may be worth your while to contact an experienced copyright lawyer.
Each program has its own copyright information.
Anyone. That is, anyone who can own property.
No, there is no copyright on anything that old. In addition, the mere ownership of a copy of something (including the original art "copy") has no bearing upon the ownership of the copyright. Copyright ownership is derived exclusively from authorship. This raises interesting questions when a painter doesn't own the paints and canvas upon which he paints, and was commissioned to create a new work to the specifications of a patron.
Each song has its own copyright year.
There is nothing illegal about buying a research paper. It is a violation of school rules and moral rights as well as copyright law to turn it in as your own work. That can get you expelled and create problems later in life.