In the most technical sense, no registration is required, but the further along you are in the process, the easier it will be to prove ownership.
Depends upon what court the action originates in. If a trademark case is brought in state court, a state court of appeals would hear the appeal. If a copyright license case is in state court, same rule. If a copyright or trademark case is in federal court, then a federal circuit court of appeals would hear it. If it is a case of a trademark registration appeal, it would be taken to the Trademark Trials and Appeals Board and could end up in the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC).
The optical signal processing is one of the application of the half subtractor circuit. Binary numbers is another application.
it is an application specific integrated circuit
applications of clipper circuit
yes
bulk oil circuit breaker
Short circuit ratio is the ratio of field current required for the rated voltage at open circuit to the field current required for the rated armature current at short circuit
it is used in voltage multipliers.
no series circuit is best. Actually it depends on the application, neither is always better.
Depends on your application. Fast switching circuits are very common and many people have the skill to design a circuit for a specific application, as well as build prototypes, etc. And how fast is fast? Again, that depends on your application.
a power source
Deoends on code you are governed by. In USA, a GFCI outlet or a circuit controlled by a GFCI circuit breaker would be required.