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Friction of the tires on the road surface ( I think so)
A car usually remains stationary, when parked, as the hand-brake has been put on.
Any time a vehicle hits a parked vehicle or other stationary object, the operator of the moving vehicle is responsible.
The car in motion is ALWAYS at fault when it hits a stationary vehicle.
The hand brake is on.
The handbrake is used to stop a stationary car rolling downhill. The transmission can also stop a car from moving when parked.
driver of parked vehicle
Usually when parked at a speed trap or when stationary.
If the other vehicle was parked, there was no other driver to have license, insurance or registration. The driver who hit the parked vehicle is at fault and is liable for all damages to the parked vehicle.
As long as the parked vehicle is parked properly and not illegally parked in any manner, then the vehicle that rear-ended the parked car is at fault. Now if the parked car is sitting illegally (such as double parked or parked in a no parking zone, etc.) then the parked car is at fault or even both the parked car AND the car that hits it are BOTH at fault.
The word "stationary" is an adjective. It describes something that is not moving or fixed in one place.
Aeroplanes