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Greetings, ladies. (If you are talking to them).
The proper salutation to more than one doctor would be "Dear Doctors". A person can also list each doctor's last name after the word doctor. So if the names were Smith, Jones, and Arnold, the salutation would be "Dear Doctors, Smith, Jones, and Arnold".
I would use "Ladies and Gentleman" or if it is just women "Ladies" or if it was just men" Gentleman" if that makes any sense. Hope this suggestion helps you.
Mister or Madam Chairman, or for a more inclusive term, Sofa-Person.
Pastor is entirely proper, so is reverend. Since they usually have Doctor of Divinity degrees, Doctor is often a preferred title, especially in the more evangelical churches.
Dear Judge Smith: See http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0771340.html for more info.
'Dear Mayor Smith' is acceptable for ordinary communication. 'Your Honor' is a more formal salutation. In Canada (and, I think, in Britain also) it might be better to use 'Your Worship.' (A mayor historically had the powers of a magistrate.) Check with the municipality's office of protocol when in doubt.
Pax means peace. More likely the salutation would be pax vobiscum translated as peace be with you.
"Hi" is not a complete sentence according to standard English grammar rules because it lacks a subject and a verb. It is more of a casual greeting or salutation.
Mr. John Smith and Mrs. Jane Doe or Mr. and Mrs. John Smith Either would be correct, though the latter appears more formal and less cumbersome.
There are more than one. some are salute, greeting, and acknowledgement.
There exists a misconception that the Spartan salutation is similar (and thus borrowed by) with the Roman salutation (which is supposedly then borrowed by the Nazis). There is no evidence to support that whatsoever.The Nazi-like salutation first appeared on the painting "Oath of the Horati" on the 18th century and has nothing to do with Rome, much more with Spartians. There is no knowledge on how the Spartans saluted unfortunattely.