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They guard the coast.
The likely term is "Coast Guard" (US Coast Guard)
report it to the U.S. Coast Guard National Response Center
Semper Paratus: Always Ready
The Coast Guard uses a HH-60J Jayhawk
The US Coast Guard motto is "Semper Paratus" or "Always Ready"
Well you can always refuse, however your refusal is not going to be sufficient in preventing a boarding. The US Coast Guard is given a broad scope of authority by the United States government under 14 USC 89. This gives the US Coast Guard the authority to board vessels on the high sea's and waters the US has jurisdiction on. The Coast Guard can always board vessels for safety inspections or ones that may be required due to National Security concerns. After the boarding team is on your vessel, then the type of boarding that takes place is dependent on the situation or if there is a warrant, reasonable suspicion or probable cause to further escalate the boarding.
The Coast Guard is a branch of the US Military, so yes.
If one is wanting to find a US coast guard job, the best place to try for listings is on the US coast guard site. There are also other sites that offer these listings such as the "Military" website.
According to the US Coast Guard's official history it was founded in Newburyport, Massachusetts For more on Coast Guard history, see related link below.
No, Coast Guard duties are by no means seasonal. The CG is a full branch of the US military.
The United States Coast Guard Academy is located in New London, CT