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What has the author N R Gurov written?
N. R. Gurov has written: 'Review of Finnish decipherment of proto-Dravidian inscriptions' -- subject(s): Decipherment of proto-Dravidian inscriptions of the Indus civilization, Dravidian languages, History, Indus script
Short note on Indus valley civilization?
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300-1300 BCE; mature period 2600-1900 BCE) that was located in the northwestern region[1] of the Indian Subcontinent.[2][3] Flourishing around the Indus River basin, the civilization[n 1] primarily centered along the Indus and the Punjab region, extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley[7] and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab.[8][9] Geographically, the civilization was spread over an area of some 1,260,000 km², making it the largest ancient civilization in the world. There is an Indus Valley site on the Oxus river at Shortugai[10] and extending towards Alamgirpur on the Hindon river located only 28 km from Delhi, India. The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of well over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley, developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products, seal carving), and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoried houses. The mature phase of this civilization is known as the Harappan Civilization, as the first of its cities to be unearthed was the one at Harappa, excavated in the 1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India (now in Pakistan).[11] Excavation of Harappan sites have been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999.[12] To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Dholavira, Kalibanga, and Rakhigarhi. The civilization is sometimes referred to as the Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilization or the Indus-Sarasvati civilization.[13] The appellation Indus-Sarasvati is based on the possible identification of the Ghaggar-Hakra River with the Sarasvati River of the Nadistuti sukta in the Rig Veda, but this usage is disputed on linguistic and geographical grounds. The Harappan language is not directly attested and its affiliation is unknown, a plausible relation would be to Proto-Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian.[14]Type your answer here...
Who are the Recognized holy in Indus?
In the context of the Indus Valley Civilization, there are no specific "recognized holy" figures analogous to religious leaders in later religions, as the civilization predates recorded history and lacks extensive written records. However, archaeological findings suggest that certain deities or symbols, such as the "Proto-Shiva" figure and various animal motifs, may have held spiritual significance. The worship practices are inferred from seals and figurines, indicating a possible reverence for fertility and nature. Overall, the spiritual beliefs of the Indus people remain largely speculative due to the limited evidence available.
Which language is older Tamil or Sanskrit?
We must understand that the evolution of languages happens through a concept called Proto Languages.Proto Languages provide the infrastructure for modern languages using:Read and Learned methods.Written Script.Grammatical rules.Literature.Influence.Proto-languages are, by definition, are hypothetical languages reconstructed by linguists on the basis of above 5 point, and hence no proto-language has any historical record of existence. So is the case with Proto-Dravidian languages. Proto-North Dravidian, Proto-Central Dravidian and Proto-South Dravidian languages are estimated to be around 500 BC using the earliest mentions in more than 3 of the above 5 points. But due to a dearth of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages, not many details as to the grammar, epoch, or location of Proto-Dravidian are known. Simply because the lack of the proofs supporting the existence of them using above 5 points.But Vedic Sanskrit scores all 5 and was found to be existed in all the above means since around 1500 BC!Also people are skeptical about claims that Tamil existed before Sanskrit. Although Tamil words were found in the Vedas they were originally Vedic Sanskrit and not other way round.So does that mean:Vedic Sanskrit predates Tamil? Most likely.Vedic Sanskrit prediats Modern Sanskrit? Ofcourse.Tamil predates Modern Sanskrit? Least likely although.Oldest books which cover all the Dravidian languages which can point to Proto-Dravidian forms is Dravidian Etymological Dictionary still consist only of lists of related words without further explanation; therefore for a talented linguist Proto-Dravidian offers large possibilities. Further researches in Proto-Dravidian may surprise with sufficient proofs that they may be oldest forms in Indian subcontinent.Sadly only little is known and only researchers can do is speculate about proto dravidian history.Till then Vedic Sanskrit and thus arguably Sanskrit are assumed to be older than Dravidian languages.Further proof to this claim can be made using this article about the script and grammar based evolution of languages where Sanskrit stands before Tamil (although interestingly Tamil is the only Indian languages placed neck to neck with Sanskrit indicating about its ancientness)
Is Telugu originated from Tamil?
Telugu is ancient language which is originated from proto dravidian languages even Tamil too originated from proto dravidian, there is no direct relationship between Tamil and Telugu other than this. Telugu was wide spread in Tamilnadu due to Telugu naicker kings appointed by vijayanagara kingdom. during the era of naicker kings many telugus migrated to madurai,tanjore coimbattore and settled there. During this period carnatic music was flourished due to great contributions from Telugu saint tyagaraja who did all his compositions in Telugu. There were vaggeyakaras from Telugu origin like syamasastri too contributed a lot.
what currency used in mohenjo daro?
In Mohenjo-Daro, an ancient city of the Indus Valley Civilization, the exact currency system is not well-documented, as no coins have been discovered. However, evidence suggests that the civilization may have used a barter system for trade, supplemented by the use of standardized weights and measures. Additionally, some artifacts, such as small, engraved seals, may have served as a form of proto-currency or identifiers in trade. Overall, the specifics of their currency remain largely speculative.
When were the dravidians alive?
Dravidian has been confirmed as a farming language and the first agricultural Neolithic complexes appeared in the northwest part of the Subcontinent. Proto Dravidian is probably connected with the Early Harappan phase of the IVC of 3300-2600 BC. By 2500 BC the Dravidian speakers had already reached South India and developed the Southern Neolithic complex. Dialects arose from 2700 BC according to the latest research.
Has India hijacked Pakistan's Heritage?
Although both modern countries of the Republic of India and Pakistan were created at the same time out of British Raj, the so-called Indians desperately tries to steal Pakistan's heritage, particularly the Indus Valley Civilization! This Indian hegemonic agenda is based on myths and false propaganda for religious and nationalistic imperialism. Also, there are some ignorant Pakistanis, particularly Islamists, who narrow-mindedly deny/ignore Pakistan's glorious pre-Islamic past. Harappans were certainly the ancestors of most Pakistanis, who absorbed or adopted the many waves of invaders/migrants through out the centuries. Indus Valley Civilization was mostly based in the region of Pakistan. The names used for the Civilization are "Indus Valley" or "Harappan", both are in Pakistan. The most largest and important cities are Harappa and Mohenjodaro, both in Pakistan. Even in the case of Hakra/Ghaggar river (extinct), a tributary of Indus itself, it has far more mature Harappan sites on the Pakistani side than on the Indian side. The proto-Indus site is also located at Mehrgarh in Pakistan. Indus Valley Civilization, at its peak, had colonies stretching from Turkmenistan to northern Maharashta, and from southeast Iran to western Uttar Pradesh. About 85% of Indians (i.e. outside of northwest India) have nothing to do with Indus Valley Civilization, where their ancestors were nomadic forest-dwelling hunters and gatherers at a time period when the sophisticated Indus Valley Civilization was flourishing. Indus/Harappan religion was not Hinduism. Not a single Hindu temple, idol, or statue has been found at excavated Indus sites. Harappans buried their dead, ate beef, and were not Vedic. The "Great Bath" was common in many civilizations such as among the Graeco-Romansand Mesopotamians. Depicted on some Indus seals, the "deity" wearing the horned head-dress looks nothing like Hinduism's Shiva, and similar deities were common in other civilizations like the Celtic "Cernunnos". Bull seemed to be sacred among Harappans similar to Mesopotamians and Minoans, but not the cow. A people may evolve by adopting new ideas/beliefs, change with political environment, and racially get mixed with other peoples, but that does not erase their history. Pakistan, the land and people of Indus directly inherits one of the greatest ancient civilizations of the known ancient world, just the same way present-day Iraq, Greece, and Egypt (all three countries and names also recent in origin) inherits their own great ancient civilizations. It is irrelevant that the descendents of Harappans are now mostly Muslims (Pakistanis). Descendents of ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians are also now mostly Muslims, descendants of ancients Greeks and Romans are now mostly Christians. It is abut time that all educated Pakistanis take pride in their past, and protect it from thievery of other countries like India.
What toys did the indus valley civilization play with?
Indus Valley Civilisation Duration: 3300 BC to 1700 BCIndus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that thrived in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys, now in Pakistan, along with the northwestern parts of India, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. The civilization, which is also known as Harappan Civilization, lasted from 3300 BC to 1700 BC. The discovery of the Ancient Indus River Valley Civilization was made, when the Harappan city, the first city of Indus Valley, was excavated.DiscoveryThe first description of the ruins of Harappa is found in the Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and Punjab of Charles Masson. It dates back to the period of 1826 to 1838. In 1857, the British engineers accidentally used bricks from the Harappa ruins for building the East Indian Railway line between Karachi and Lahore. In the year 1912, J. Fleet discovered Harappan seals. This incident led to an excavation campaign under Sir John Hubert Marshall in 1921-1922. The result of the excavation was discovery of Harappa by Sir John Marshall, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni and Madho Sarup Vats and Mohenjodaro by Rakhal Das Banerjee, E. J. H. MacKay, and Sir John Marshall.Further ExcavationsEven though most of the Mohenjodaro city had been unearthed by 1931, the excavation campaigns continued to be undertaken. Sir Mortimer Wheeler, the then director of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), led one such campaign in 1944. After the partition of India in 1947, the area of the Indus Valley Civilization was divided between India and Pakistan. In 1949, Sir Mortimer Wheeler conducted excavations as the Archaeological Adviser to the Government of Pakistan. The next three decades were full of discoveries of the remnants of civilization.GeographyThe Ancient Indus River Valley Civilization extended from Balochistan to Gujarat and from the east of the river Jhelum to Rupar. Some time back, a number of sites were also discovered in Pakistan's NW Frontier Province. Harappan Civilization covered most of Pakistan, along with the western states of India. Even though most of the sites have been found on the river embankments, some have been excavated from the ancient seacoast and islands as well. As per some archaeologists, the number of Harappan sites, unearthed along the dried up river beds of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries, is around 500. Apart from that, those along the Indus and its tributaries are approximately 100 in number.PhasesThe three main phases of the Indus Valley Civilization are:Early Harappan (Integration Era)Mature Harappan (Localization Era)Late Harappan (Regionalization Era)Early Harappan PhaseThe Early Harappan Phase lasted from 3300 BC to 2800 BC. It is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley. The earliest examples of the Indus script date back to 3000 BC. This phase stands characterized by centralized authority and an increasingly urban quality of life. Trade networks had been established and there was also domestication of crops. Peas, sesame seeds, dates, cotton, etc, were grown during that time. Kot Diji represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan Phase.Mature Harappan PhaseBy 2600 BC, Indus Valley Civilization had entered into a mature stage. The early Harappan communities were turning into large urban centers, like Harappa and Mohenjodaro in Pakistan and Lothal in India. The concept of irrigation had also been introduced. The following features of the Mature Phase were more prominent:CitiesApproximately 1052 cities and settlements belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization have been excavated till date, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar and Indus Rivers and their tributaries. The artifacts discovered in these cities suggest a sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture. The concept of urban planning is also widely evident. There is also the existence of the first urban sanitation systems in the world. the sewerage and drainage system found in the each and every city of Indus Valley comes across as even more efficient than those in some areas of Pakistan and India today.Dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms and protective walls have been found in almost all the cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. The evidence suggests that most city dwellers were traders or artisans, who lived with others belonging to the same occupation in well-defined neighborhoods. Social equality seems to be widely prevalent in the cities of Indus Valley, though there are some houses that are bigger than the others.ScienceThe people of Indus Valley are believed to be amongst the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. Their smallest division was approximately 1.704 mm. Decimal division of measurement was used for all practical purposes. The brick weights were in a perfect ratio of 4:2:1. The numerous inventions of the Indus River Valley Civilization include an instrument used for measuring whole sections of the horizon and the tidal dock. The people of Harappa evolved new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead and tin. They also had the knowledge of proto-dentistry and the touchstone technique of gold testing.Arts and CultureVarious sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewelry and figurines in terracotta, bronze and steatite, etc, have been excavated from the sites of the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization. Other crafts that have been unearthed include shell works, ceramics, agate, glazed steatite bead making, special kind of combs, etc. There is also evidence of seals, toys, games and stringed musical instruments in the Indus Valley.Trade and TransportationTrade seems to the major occupation of the people of the Harappan Civilization. The main forms of transport include bullock carts and boats. Archaeologists have also discovered an enormous, dredged canal and docking facility at the coastal city of Lothal. The pottery, seals, figurines, ornaments, etc, of the civilization show great similarities with those of Central Asia and the Iranian plateau, indicating trade with them. Then, there are signs of maritime trade network between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations also.AgricultureThe major cultivated cereal crop was naked six-row barley, a crop derived from two-row barley. However, not much information is available on the farmers and their agricultural methods.Symbol SystemAs many as 400 distinct Indus symbols have been found on seals, ceramic pots and other materials excavated from the Indus Valley. Typical Indus inscriptions are, at the most, four or five characters in length and quite small. The longest inscription on any object is 26 symbols long. Indus symbols have been found on ritual objects also, many of which were mass-produced.ReligionThe large number of figurines found in the Indus Valley Civilization suggests that the Harappan people worshipped a Mother Goddess, who symbolized fertility. Some of the seals of that time also have the swastikas engraved on them. Then, there are some others in which a figure is seated in a yoga-like posture and is surrounded by animals. The figure is quite similar to that of Lord Pashupati, the Lord of Creatures.Late Harappan PhaseThe signs of a gradual decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization are believed to have started around 1800 BC. By 1700 BC, most of the cities were abandoned. However, one can see the various element of the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization in later cultures. Archaeological data indicates the persistence of the Late Harappan culture till 1000-900 BC. The major reasons of the decline of the civilization are believed to be connected with climate change. Not only did the climate become much cooler and drier than before, but substantial portions of the Ghaggar Hakra river system also disappeared.
What was the significance of Aryan and other tribal migrations on the Indus Valley?
The Indo Iranians were settled in Iranian plateau and north of Hindu Kush Mountains since 2800 BC. They start the culture of horse and chariots. The indo Iranians were the successors of the Proto Indo European people they played an important part in history of India.
What has the author Henry Jaeger written?
Henry Jaeger has written: 'Der Drehorgelmann' 'Jakob auf der Leiter' 'Hellseher wider Willen' 'Rebellion of the lost' -- subject(s): Protected DAISY 'Unter Anklage' 'Der Tod eines Boxers' 'Der Club' 'Rebellion der verlorenen' 'Nachruf auf ein Dutzend Gauner' 'The fortress' 'Die bestrafte Zeit'
Where can you find a dictionary or wordlist for reconstructed Proto-Dravidian?
I'd suggest contacting the language department of one of the South Indian universities, as most will have their own publishing companies. You could also ask the cultural attache at your nearest Indian Embassy or High Commission.
