Jewish can refer to both a religion and an ethnicity. It can describe individuals who practice Judaism as their religion, as well as those who identify with the cultural and historical aspects of the Jewish people.
Judasim is a religion, not a people. The term is Jewish people.
Yes, the term "Jewish" should be capitalized when referring to the religion, culture, or people who are followers of Judaism.
Kosher (כשר), which is pronounced kah-SHEHR in Hebrew.
It's a little of both. The term "Jewish" can refer to either ethnicity or religious belief. There are certainly people who consider themselves to be Jewish in terms of ethnicity, but either agnostic or atheist, and also people who consider themselves to be both Jewish (by descent) and Christian (by religious preference).
Israel is a Secular Country and, as a result, has no official religion. However, since Judaism is predominant religion professed by Israelis, Judaism has a pull on governmental affairs. This is no different than how the United States is a Secular Country with no official religion, but Christianity has a pull on government affairs since most Americans profess Christianity. It is a common misconception that because Israel is the Jewish State that the official religion is Judaism. This is a misunderstanding of the term "Jewish" in Jewish State. In this case it refers to Jewish as an ethnic term, so Israel is the Jewish State in the same way that Turkey is the Turkish Republic, as opposed to the way that Iran is the Islamic Republic.
Yes; it's a 3800-year old unbroken tradition going back to Abraham. See also:Jewish history timeline
The term Judaism is the Jewish religion, it comes from the Hebrew word "Yehudah" or "Judah" and refers to those from province of Judea.
In the King James version, the word - vicar - does not appear at all.
Only if you are Jewish. "Jewish" is both a religion and an ethnicity. It's possible to believe in the Jewish religion without being ethnically Jewish and vice versa. The term "non-practicing Jew" is sometimes used for those people who are of Jewish ancestry but are personally either agnostic or atheist. You are considered Jewish if your mother was Jewish. If you're curious to hear what Judaism requires of Jews, there are tons of references available. What you choose to learn, ignore, believe in, and practice, and how you choose to live your life, are completely 100% up to you.
Jewish/Jew Catholicism is the religion not the term for people who follow it. Catholics follow Catholicism. Like Christians follow Christianity. Jews follow Judaism.
Israel is a Secular Country and, as a result, has no official religion. However, since Judaism is predominant religion professed by Israelis, Judaism has a pull on governmental affairs. This is no different than how the United States is a Secular Country with no official religion, but Christianity has a pull on government affairs since most Americans profess Christianity. It is a common misconception that because Israel is the Jewish State that the official religion is Judaism. This is a misunderstanding of the term "Jewish" in Jewish State. In this case it refers to Jewish as an ethnic term, so Israel is the Jewish State in the same way that Turkey is the Turkish Republic, as opposed to the way that Iran is the Islamic Republic. In terms of which religions have a presence in Israel, in descending order of population, there are communities of Jews, Muslims, Christians, Druze, Baha'i, and other minor faiths. Israel also has sizable minorities of Agnostics and Atheists.