Yes, it is a proper name.
Yes, the word "Russian" is capitalized when referring to the language, nationality, or people from Russia.
The word "Spanish" should be capitalized when referring to the language or people from Spain. It should not be capitalized when referring to something that is simply related to Spain in a general way.
The German word "Tag" is capitalized when it starts a sentence or if it is a noun, but it is not typically capitalized when used in the middle of a sentence as a normal word.
The word "polish" changes in meaning when the first letter is capitalized to become "Polish", referring to something or someone from Poland.
The word "burgundy" is capitalized if one is referring to the French region of the same name. However, if one is referring to the color burgundy, then it is not capitalized.
The German word for "German" is "Deutsch". Pronounced doitch. "Deutsch" as a noun is neuter, thus the definite articles are "das" (nominative and accusative), "des" (genitive), "dem" (dative). When used as a noun, Deutsch is capitalized, as are all German nouns. (Adjectives, however, are NOT capitalized, even if they refer to a proper name.) The exact translation for "the German language" is "die deutsche Sprache". Note that the article (die) applies to Sprache (fem). In this instance, 'deutsch" is an adjective and is thus NOT capitalized.
Japanese should always be capitalized because it is a proper nou n.
English is always capitalized, except when used in sports jargon, where it is optional.
No, the word "history" should not be capitalized when referring to a history teacher unless it is at the beginning of a sentence.
Yes it should be capitalized.
No, the word 'patent' is only capitalized when referring to the legal protection of an invention. In general usage, it is not capitalized.
No, the word "English" does not always have a capital 'E'. It is capitalized when referring to the language or the people of England, but when used in a general sense or referring to something not specifically related to England, it is not capitalized (e.g. "He speaks English fluently").