It is postulated, apparently. The link will take you deeper than you meant to go.
Any arithmetic process would work provided it is applied the same way in the forward and reverse process. Modulo 2 is easy to implement in hardware.
binary numbers can be converted into numbers of any base system. Also, eight digit binary numbers can be translated into text characters. There are several translators online. See related link.
Any pair of numbers will always form an arithmetic sequence.
Any Muslim has the Quran (or Koran) as his holy book that reflects real God words revelation to Prophet (PBUH).
The Arithmetic Logic Unit as suggested by the name carries out the arithmetic calculations of the computer.
A binary star is not any particular color. A binary star system can contain stars of any spectral type.
No answer as of yet, if any!
C-source program doesn't rum, you have to compile and link it. The executable rums like any other binary program.
In APA format, citations for the Koran should include the name of the text in italics, followed by the chapter and verse number. For example, (Koran 2:255). A full citation should include details such as the translation used and the publication date of that translation.
The 'bc' command is a simple binary calculator (hence the name bc). It can do simple math and uses arbitrary precision arithmetic. You can designate the scaling, precision, and other values to use in math calculations. Arbitrary precision arithmetic allows you to exceed the hardware precision of the system you are on, by scaling to any number of significant digits that you may require.
Comparisons and calculations are performed in a logical block called ALU - the Arithmetic-Logical Unit. This component (be it really a component or a set of components performing the function) is tasked with mathematical operations of any order above 1s and 0s, and - of course - with logic (binary logic, to be exact).
If you mean arithmetic, then the math is the same as any other era. Victorian arithmetic is no different.