yes, there is a path from the town at the base of the mountain all the way to the Greybeard's front door.
no
Use the shout "Bex". You'll learn it from the Greybeards.
Well when you learned you were dragonborn, and got summoned to the greybeards, they will teach you it. Go to them if you haven't done that.
No, Paarthurnax was the only one who could give that option. Killing him forefeits all benefits he and the Greybeards give.
Go to the meadery in Riften and persuade the guy over and over until 100 speech. Go behind the Greybeards and go into sneak mode. Use a weak dagger and slash until 100 sneak. Look on YouTube for more.
if you mean with your wife you can't.
No and they also don't die.
So your in main quest: way of the voice? right? Well you go to Ivarstead (Long way :( ) then you go up a mountain called the throat of the world and you will know if you are going the right way because you will see seven pilgrims along the way. But beware! On your way to Ivarstead you will face wolves and sabre cats and on your way to high hrothgar you will have to face more wolves, a ice wolf and even a frost troll! (Very Hard)
If you need a claw to open it, check to palm of the claw in your inventory. If not, look it up on cheatcodecentral.com or any Skyrim forum.
Through Ivarstead up the throat of the world
Skyrim is a 15.
Das Skyrim.