If its at the beginning of a sentence then yes. But if its during a sentence then no.
Earth, as in we live on the planet Earth, is supposed to be capitalized. Earth, as in the dirt we walk on, is not supposed to be capitalized.
Usually, yes a phase of the moon is supposed to be capitalized.
No, it shouldn't be capitalized.
No it shouldn't be capitalized.
Yes, America should be capitalized.
no
Yes, "Pterodactyl" is supposed to be capitalized as it is a proper noun referring to a specific genus of pterosaur.
No, but the names of individual languages are capitalized.
Yes, Siamese would be capitalized.
No it shouldn't be capitalized.
No, the term patron saint is not capitalized unless it is used as a title for a particular individual. eg. Patron Saint Jude. The same is true for the word 'saint.' It is only capitalized when used as a title - Saint Joseph, for example.
No.