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Most biological membranes are made of lipids. Both the animal cell and the plant cell have a cell membrane that consist of aphospholipid bilayer. The fluid mosaic model is used to describe the make up of the membrane. The bilayer is made of two layers of phospholipids, with their hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails facing in. Proteins are also integrated in and/or on the membrane (ex. peripheral proteins, integral proteins, glycoproteins, etc.) There are also pumps like the sodium-potasium pump that assist with active transport (requires energy) across the membrane because the cell membrane is a semipermeable barrier. Passive transport also occurs across the membrane during processes like facilitated diffusion, osmosis and when certain ions pass through the designated ion channels across the membrane.

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