Name the 4 major macromolecules also state their subunits?

Answer 1

Carbohydrate:

Monosaccharide e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharide e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharide e.g. starch, cellulose, glycogen

Lipid:

Glycerol

Saturated fatty acid

Unsaturated fatty acid

Saturated lipid i.e. fat

Unsaturated lipid i.e. oil

Protein:

Amino acid

Dipeptide

Polypeptide chain - primary protein structure

Polypeptide helix or pleated sheet - secondary protein structure.

Folded polypeptide chain - tertiary protein structure

Joined folded polypeptide chains - quarternary protein structure (completed protein)

Nucelid Acid:

Nucleotide

DNA

RNA

Answer 2

1. Carbohydrates

Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (Chitin also contains nitrogen).

(A) Monosaccharides and Disaccharides.

Examples: Glucose, Ribose, Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

Structure: Can exist as a carbon chain, or as a ring. The ring form is more stable and more prevalent at equilibrium. Disaccharides are made of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (an oxygen atom holding two rings together).

Function: Glucose is the principle molecule used for energy production during cellular respiration.

(B) Polysaccharides

Examples: Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen, Chitin

Structure: Chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages (one oxygen atom joins 2 rings).

Function: Cellulose and chitin are structural; starch and glycogen are means of storing glucose for long periods.

2. Lipids

Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (in some cases phosphorus as well).

(A) Triglycerides

Structure: 1 glycerol molecule joined to 3 fatty acid molecules.

Function: Used for insulation and long-term energy storage.

(B) Phospholipids

Structure: 1 glycerol molecule joined to 2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group.

Function: Primary component of cell membranes.

(C) Steroids

Examples: Cholesterol, Estradiol, Testosterone

Structure: 4 interlinked carbon rings with functional groups attached.

Function: Hormonal functioning; some help control the fluidity of cell membranes

3. Nucleic Acids

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

(A) DNA

Structure: Made of repeating units of 4 nucleotides. A nucleotide is made of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine). Double-stranded helix.

Function: Stores genetic information.

(B) RNA

Structure: Made of repeating units of 4 nucleotides. The pentose sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose. The 4 bases are adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine. Single-stranded.

Function: Transfers genetic information to ribosomes for protein synthesis, carries amino acids into place, and holds ribosomal subunits together.

4. Polypeptides

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (occasionally sulfur also).

Structure: Polymers of repeating units of 20 kinds of amino acid. Amino acids are structurally similar except for one side chain that varies from acid to acid. Adjacent amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. One or more polypeptide may be joined to form a protein.

Function: Numerous functions: structure, enzymes, packaging, cell-to-cell communication, cell recognition, immune response

Answer 3

CARBOHYDRATES :(C, H, O) Monosaccharides(glucose,fructose), Disaccharides(sucrcose, lactose), Polysaccharides(starch, glycogen, cellulose). PROTEINS: (C, H, O, N, S) AMINO ACIDS(Glycine, Alanine, Proline, etc.) LIPIDS: (C,H, O, N, S, P) Fats, Steriods, Waxes, etc. NUCLEIC ACIDS (C, H, O, N, P) DNA, RNA.