Ethernet, makes sure there is no traffic.
It's called a global multicast, and you're transmitting to all reachable nodes.
You are thinking ring topology. Not used much today.
Asynchronous
a collision
Connection Oriented
The receiving nodes data link layer requests a retransmission.
In an NS-2 trace file, "h" typically stands for "host." It is used to identify events related to host nodes in the simulation, indicating actions or states associated with those nodes, such as packet transmissions or receptions. This designation helps users distinguish between different types of nodes and their corresponding activities in the network simulation.
The basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes include network interface cards (NICs) for connecting devices to the network, switches for connecting multiple devices within a local network, routers for managing traffic between different networks, and cables or wireless connections for transmitting data between nodes.
A collision happens, causing the data to be garbled. The nodes detect the collision through collision detection mechanisms and both stop transmitting. They then follow collision avoidance protocols to retransmit their data after a random backoff time.
In circuit switching, a connection is established between two network nodes before they begin transmitting data.
Ethernet multiple access rules, primarily defined by the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol, govern media access by requiring nodes to listen to the network before transmitting. If the medium is clear, a node can send its data; if two nodes transmit simultaneously, a collision occurs, and both nodes stop transmitting. They then wait a random backoff period before attempting to retransmit, ensuring fair access and reducing the likelihood of repeated collisions. This process allows for efficient use of the network while minimizing delays.
Typically, the sentinel nodes are axillary nodes. If you are having the axillary nodes removed, the sentinal nodes will also be removed.