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Q: Robotic spacecraft on Mars have sent radio signals back to Earth. The distance from Mars to Earthat its greatestis about 401300000 km.About how many minutes would it take a signal to reach Earth from?
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What would you see if you traveled around the world at 40 degrees north latitude from florham park New Jersey?

Well, OK. If you want to follow the parallel of 40° North around the world, thefirst thing you have to do is drive about 54 miles south from Florham Park, tothe field just south of the Lakehurst Naval Air Test Facility. That's 40° northlatitude. The big intersection of Park St, Brooklake Rd, and Ridgedale Ave inFlorham Park is at 40.7865° .So let's say you pack a lunch and make the trip down to 40°, then turn east (left)and head out. Here's what you'll see:-- 17.5 miles of Jersey, before you cross Normandy Beach and settle down for the big tripacross the Atlantic Ocean-- 3,445 miles of open water until you finally walk up on a beach. It's the west coastof Portugal.-- 107 miles across Portugal, to the border with Spain.-- 265 miles across Spain, to the Mediterranean coast. Then more water.-- Except for short breaks on land across the islands of Manorca and Sardinia,and the 'toe'/ and 'heel' of southern Italy, it's 1,050 miles of Mediterranean Sea,to the west coast of Albania.-- Only about 24 miles across the southern tip of Albania, and you cross the borderinto Greece.-- 118 miles across Greece, and guess what . . . back into the wet-suit again, for the190-mile swim across the Aegean sea, to Turkey.-- From now on, except for a few relatively short swims, the next 5,380 miles are allover land, as you cross territory in. . . . . Turkey. . . . . Armenia. . . . . Azerbaijan. . . . . (Caspian Sea -- 180 miles). . . . . Turkmenistan. . . . . Uzbekistan. . . . . Tajikistan. . . . . Kyrgyzstan. . . . . China -- 2,660 miles. . . . . North Korea-- Now the balance swings the other way; long swims interrupted by short spells on land.. . . . . Sea of Japan -- 630 miles. . . . . Japan -- 106 miles. . . . . Pacific Ocean -- 4,970 miles-- The long swim was worth it. This time, you wash ashore in northern California,about 170 miles north of San Francisco. You're as good as home now.-- The rest of the trip goes by in a flash, as you cross parts of. . . . . California. . . . . Nevada. . . . . Utah. . . . . Colorado. . . . . Nebraska. . . . . Missouri. . . . . Illinois. . . . . Indiana. . . . . Ohio. . . . . West Virginia (12 miles' worth). . . . . Pennsylvania-- Finally, you cross from Philadelphia, across the Delaware River, into Jersey at Riverton.From here, if you want to leave the parallel of 40° North and make a beeline straight home,instead of going through Lakehurst again, that'll be OK. You earned the shortcut.From the Jersey side of the Delaware straight northeast to Florham Park, it's only another65 miles, and you're back, with a lot of new rubber stamps in your Passport, and a lot ofstories to tell.Your total trip was in the neighborhood of 19,075 miles ... the circumference of the Earthat 40° latitude.


Related questions

The diameter of the earthat the equator is about 12765km What is the circumference of the earth at the equator?

= 3.14 · 12765kmThe circumference at theequator is 40,082km and 100m. = 40082.1km


Under what circumstances would your weight become zero?

The weight will become zero under the following circumstances:In an artificial satelliteDuring free fallAt the centre of the earthAt a point where gravitational pull of earth is equal to the gravitational pull of the moon.


What is the amount of time it takes light to travel around the Earth seven and a half times?

speed of light = 299792458 m/s time it takes light to travel around the world = 40075160/299792458 = 0.134 seconds time it takes light to travel around the world 7+1/2 times = 1.005 seconds


What would you see if you traveled around the world at 40 degrees north latitude from florham park New Jersey?

Well, OK. If you want to follow the parallel of 40° North around the world, thefirst thing you have to do is drive about 54 miles south from Florham Park, tothe field just south of the Lakehurst Naval Air Test Facility. That's 40° northlatitude. The big intersection of Park St, Brooklake Rd, and Ridgedale Ave inFlorham Park is at 40.7865° .So let's say you pack a lunch and make the trip down to 40°, then turn east (left)and head out. Here's what you'll see:-- 17.5 miles of Jersey, before you cross Normandy Beach and settle down for the big tripacross the Atlantic Ocean-- 3,445 miles of open water until you finally walk up on a beach. It's the west coastof Portugal.-- 107 miles across Portugal, to the border with Spain.-- 265 miles across Spain, to the Mediterranean coast. Then more water.-- Except for short breaks on land across the islands of Manorca and Sardinia,and the 'toe'/ and 'heel' of southern Italy, it's 1,050 miles of Mediterranean Sea,to the west coast of Albania.-- Only about 24 miles across the southern tip of Albania, and you cross the borderinto Greece.-- 118 miles across Greece, and guess what . . . back into the wet-suit again, for the190-mile swim across the Aegean sea, to Turkey.-- From now on, except for a few relatively short swims, the next 5,380 miles are allover land, as you cross territory in. . . . . Turkey. . . . . Armenia. . . . . Azerbaijan. . . . . (Caspian Sea -- 180 miles). . . . . Turkmenistan. . . . . Uzbekistan. . . . . Tajikistan. . . . . Kyrgyzstan. . . . . China -- 2,660 miles. . . . . North Korea-- Now the balance swings the other way; long swims interrupted by short spells on land.. . . . . Sea of Japan -- 630 miles. . . . . Japan -- 106 miles. . . . . Pacific Ocean -- 4,970 miles-- The long swim was worth it. This time, you wash ashore in northern California,about 170 miles north of San Francisco. You're as good as home now.-- The rest of the trip goes by in a flash, as you cross parts of. . . . . California. . . . . Nevada. . . . . Utah. . . . . Colorado. . . . . Nebraska. . . . . Missouri. . . . . Illinois. . . . . Indiana. . . . . Ohio. . . . . West Virginia (12 miles' worth). . . . . Pennsylvania-- Finally, you cross from Philadelphia, across the Delaware River, into Jersey at Riverton.From here, if you want to leave the parallel of 40° North and make a beeline straight home,instead of going through Lakehurst again, that'll be OK. You earned the shortcut.From the Jersey side of the Delaware straight northeast to Florham Park, it's only another65 miles, and you're back, with a lot of new rubber stamps in your Passport, and a lot ofstories to tell.Your total trip was in the neighborhood of 19,075 miles ... the circumference of the Earthat 40° latitude.


What is the force required to stop a moving object?

Any force can stop a moving object, so long as the force is opposite in direction. however, the object will only be stopped for a single point of time before the force pushes the object in the opposite directionfor example, if you throw a ball in the air, gravity will slow down the ball, stop the ball at its azimuth, and then propel the ball back to earthAt this point in your physics career you might be aware of Newtons first law, inertia: "An object will continue to remain at rest or travel in its current direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force." Therefore, in an ideal situation (i.e. most physics questions given to you in the classroom), your object will have no forces acting to slow it down or resist its motion. As a result, any deceleration on the object, whether caused by the brakes or crashing into another object, will stop the motion of the object. Please note that this above example refers only to ideal situations in physics questions.More importantly, in real life, there are all sorts of forces that act to stop the motion of an object. Without any internal input of force (i.e. our own braking, etc), there are already many forces that will resist the motion of an object. Taking the motion of a car along a road for example, we can see several at work. Firstly, there is air resistance, which is basically the presence of molecules of air hitting the surface area of your car as you push forward. There is also friction upon the road, which allows you to actually move your car - without friction there would be no differential in force, and hence you would be unable to drive. This friction is then turned into heat energy as well, as you may notice that your tyres get rather hot after driving for a long time. Any internal force that we apply will seek to decrease the force by reducing our input of force, and by adding a resistance in the opposite direction.On the molecular scale, we can also take in to fact a couple of other forces that may reduce the motion of an object. The Brownian motion of molecules dictates that their random collisions will exert a net pressure upon the system, and the more that we compress the gas, we find that we will increase the temperature (remember that temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the system), and the pressure, and hence the force exerted on other molecules within the system.Hope this isn't too complicated! I've arranged it so that we move from simple --> difficult in this response :) PM if you need more specifics :)Friction is a force that always opposes motion. No matter what direction the object is moving in, friction will always slow down an object.The Normal reaction is another force that prevents an object from moving. Consider a box on a table. The box exerts a force downwards on the table but it doesn't 'sink' into the table. This is because the table is providing a force equal to the weight of the box to stop the box 'sinking'.The two forces are linked together, Frmax = μRA heavier object will result in a greater Normal reaction, R, so the maximum magnitude of friction, Fr, increases proportionally with mass. μ is the coefficient of friction which is between 0 and 1.Physics studies tells that friction is the force which causes the objects to stop.Example. When the car has to stop on red signal, it slows due to the friction between brake and wheels.


Is the second coming the same as the rapture?

Unlike the phrase "I will come again" which Jesus himself mentioned, there is no mention in the Bible of the word "rapture", nor does Jesus ever speak of such an event.AnswerThere is a difference between the Second Coming and the Rapture: they are not the same. There is no doubt that the Second Coming of Christ is mentioned in the Bible because Christ Himself said He would return again:- Jesus said His return (ie His second coming) would be absolutely unmistakeable:-Mat 24:1, 3, 21-24, 26-31 MKJV And Jesus went out and departed from the temple. .... [v. 3] And as He sat on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to Him privately, saying, ... And what shall be the sign of Your coming, and of the end of the world?[Jesus then gave the signs of the end of the world]... [v. 23] Then if any man shall say to you, Lo, here is Christ! Or, There! Do not believe it. [v. 24] For false Christs and false prophets will arise and show great signs and wonders... [v. 26] Therefore if they shall say to you, Behold, He is in the desert! Do not go out. Behold, He is in the secret rooms! Do not believe it. [v. 27] For as the lightning comes out of the east and shines even to the west, so also will be the coming of the Son of Man. ...[v. 29] And immediately after the tribulation of those days, the sun shall be darkened and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from the heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken. [v. 30] And then the sign of the Son of Man shall appear in the heavens. And then all the tribes of the earth shall mourn, and they shall see the Son of Man coming in the clouds of the heaven with power and great glory.The Apostle John also saw this Second Coming in vision on the Isle of Patmos and described it:-Rev 19:1-21 MKJV And after these things I heard a great sound of a numerous crowd in Heaven, saying, Hallelujah! Salvation and glory and honor and the power to the Lord our God! [v. 6] ... For the Lord God omnipotent reigns! [v. 7] Let us be glad and rejoice and we will give glory to Him. For the marriage of the Lamb has come, and His wife has prepared herself. [v. 8] And to her was granted that she should be arrayed in fine linen,.. [which represents].. the righteousness of the saints. [v. 9] ... Blessed are those who have been called to the marriage supper of the Lamb [ie Christ].... [v. 10] ...Worship God, for the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy. [v. 11] And I saw Heaven opened. And behold, a white horse! And He sitting on him was called Faithful and True. And in righteousness He judges and makes war. [v. 12] And His eyes were like a flame of fire, and on His head many crowns. And He had a name written, one that no one knew except Himself. [v. 13] And He had been clothed in a garment dipped in blood, and His name is called The Word of God. [v. 14] And the armies in Heaven followed Him on white horses, clothed in fine linen, white and clean. [v. 15] And out of His mouth goes a sharp sword, so that with it He should strike the nations. And He will shepherd them with a rod of iron. And He treads the winepress of the wine of the anger and of the wrath of Almighty God. [v. 16] And He has on His garment, and on His thigh a name written, KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS. [v.17] And I saw one angel standing in the sun. And he cried with a great voice, saying to all the birdsthat fly in mid-heaven, Come and gather together to the supper of the great God, [v. 18] so that you may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of commanders, and the flesh of strong ones, and the flesh of horses, and those sitting on them, and the flesh of all, both free and slave, both small and great. [v. 19] And I saw the beast, and the kings of the earth and their armies, being gathered to make war against Him who sat on the horse, and against His army. [v. 20] And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet doing signs before it, (by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast), and those who had worshiped his image. The two were thrown alive into the Lake of Fire burning with brimstone. [v. 21] And the rest were slain by the sword of Him who sat on the horse, it proceeding out of His mouth. And all the birds were filled from their flesh.However, what about the Rapture? What is it?"The Popular Encylopedia of Bible Prophecy" [1995] by Tim Lahaye in the article Rapture" p. 310 says:-The English word 'rapture' comes from the Latin word 'raptus', which in Latin Bibles translates the Greek word 'harpazo' [meaning] "to suddenly remove or snatch away" [and] is the perfect word to describe God suddenly taking up the church from earth to heaven at the first part of Christ's second comingThe word 'Rapture' is a bit like the word 'dinosaur' which was created in the 19th Century from the Greek words for 'deinos' [fearful] and 'sauros' [lizard] and replaced having to use a phrase such as "an extinct terrestial reptile with gigantic bones from the Mesozoic era - you know what I mean" . Although this more-convenient word 'dinosaur' was new, their skeletons were not: they had obviously been around for ages long before this phrase-replacing word was created: dinosaurs didn't suddenly spring into existence at the creation of a word describing them as they had been there all along; it didn't really matter what they were called. In the same way, before the relatively-modern word 'rapture' was coined a descriptive sentence had to be used instead. For example in his Commentary on Matthew 24 , John Darby (1800-1882) in his "Synopsis of the Old and new Testaments" doesn't use the word 'rapture' at all, but had to use a paragraph to describe fully what was meant when we encapsulate it all in one word:- :-[This ] judgment that falls upon Jerusalem and its inhabitants.. consequent upon her rejection of the Messiah, and her contempt for the testimony [of Jesus Christ]; and then the universal overthrow at the end of those days... ended by the appearance of the Son of man, and the gathering together of the elect of Israel from the four winds [of the earth]...[at] the Lord's coming and the gathering together of the elect in Israel [when] all believers are to be caught up to meet the Lord in the air. They will afterwards return with Him. ... But the saints [ie Christians: not just Saint XYZ] who shall be caught up and return with the Lord ... will go up to heaven to be with Him there, before He returns to the earth...This [occurs in] the last days, the last three years and a half before the judgment which will be suddenly poured out at the coming of the Son of man. The Lord will come suddenly as a flash of lightning, as an eagle to its prey,....[when] immediately after the tribulation of those last three years and a half, the whole hierarchical system of government shall be shaken and utterly overthrown. Then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven, and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. ...Darby mentions that at Christ's Second Coming that Christians will return with Him. Jesus said much the same thing, that He had to go to heaven in the first place to be able to return.-Joh 14:1-3, 18, 27, 29 MKJV Let not your heart be troubled. You believe in God, believe also in Me. [v. 2] In My Father's house [ie in heaven] are many mansions; if it were not so, I would have told you. I go [ie have to leave earth] to prepare a place for you [ie the mansions in heaven]. [v. 3] And if I go and prepare a place for you [ie the mansions in heaven], I will come again [doesn't say how or when] and receive you to Myself, so that where I am, you may be also. [v.18] I will not leave you orphans. I will come to you.[v.27]... Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid. [v. 28] You have heard how I said to you, I go away and I am coming to you again. ...Paul gave more details of what came to be called the Rapture in his writings :-1Co 15:50-58 MKJV And I say this, brothers, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, nor does corruption inherit incorruption. [v. 51] Behold, I speak a mystery to you; we shall not all fall asleep, but we shall all be changed; [v. 52] in a moment, in a glance of an eye, at the last trumpet. For a trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall all be changed. [v.53] For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. [v. 54] But when this corruptible shall put on incorruption, and when this mortal shall put on immortality, then will take place the word that is written, "Death is swallowed up in victory. [v. 55] O death, where is your sting? O grave, where is your victory?" [v. 56] The sting of death is sin, and the strength of sin is the Law. [v. 57] But thanks be to God who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. [v. 58] So that, my beloved brothers, be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that your labor is not without fruit in the Lord.1Th 4:13-18 MKJV But I would not have you ignorant, brothers, concerning those who are asleep, that you be not grieved, even as others who have no hope. [v. 14] For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so God will also bring with Him all those who have fallen asleep through Jesus. [v. 15] For we say this to you by the Word of the Lord, that we who are alive and remain until the coming of the Lord shall not go before those who are asleep. [v. 16] For the Lord Himself shall descend from Heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel and with the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ shall rise first. [v. 17] Then we who are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air. And so we shall ever be with the Lord. [v. 18] Therefore comfort one another with these words.Although the word 'Rapture' is new, it is not a new belief that was suddenly invented by John Nelson Darby (1826-27) as is ofter erroneously claimed. . It was taught by:-- the New Testament church (ca. 50-100),- Barnabus (ca. 100-105)-Papias (ca. 60-130)-Justin Martyr ( 110-165)-Irenaeus (120-202)-Tertullian (145-220)-Hippolytus (ca. 185-236)-Cyprian (200-250)-Lactantius (260-330)-Ephraem of Nisibus (306-373)-Brother Dolcino (d. 1307)-Joseph Mede (1586-1638)-Increase Mather (1639-1723)-Peter Jurieu (1687)-Philip Doddridge (1738)-John Gill (1748)-James Macknight (1763)-Thomas Scott (1792)-Morgan Edwards (1722-1795)-William Witherby (1818)-John Nelson Darby (1800-1882)etcIn his book (op. cit. p. 313) Tim Lahaye says there are:at least eight significent contrasts or differences... [demanding] that the rapture at a significently different time from Christ's [second coming]:1. At the rapture: Christ comes in the air and returns to heavenAt the [second coming]: Christ comes to earth to dwell and to reign2. At the rapture: Christ gathers His ownAt the [second coming]: Angels gather the elect3. At the rapture: Christ comes to rewardAt the [second coming]: Christ comes to judge4.At the rapture: resurrection is prominentAt the [second coming]: resurrection is not mentioned5. At the rapture: believers depart the earthAt the [second coming]: unbelievers are taken away from the earth6.At the rapture: unbelievers remain on earthAt the [second coming]: believers remain on earth7.At the rapture: Christ's kingdom on earth is not mentionedAt the [second coming]: Christ has come to set up His kingdom on earth8.At the rapture: believers will receive glorified bodiesAt the [second coming]: survivors will not receive glorified bodiesThe Second coming of Christ is the Rapture as shown very clearly in 1 Corinthians 15.1Co 15:22 For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.1Co 15:23 But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ's at his coming.1Co 15:24 Then cometh the end, when he shall have delivered up the kingdom to God, even the Father; when he shall have put down all rule and all authority and power.1Co 15:25 For he must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet.1Co 15:26 The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death.First note these words 'afterward they that are Christ's at his coming.' the resurrection that comes after Jesus' being raised from the dead is the one that happens at His coming. It is not a partial coming as some have said but it is His only Second coming and that time equates with the parable of the Tares and Wheat where the wicked will be among the righteous until His second coming where the harvest of souls takes place. That is the only Rapture and it is on what the Bible calls the last day. Death will end with the judgement of the wicked and the earth will disappear from the Lord's face.Rev 20:11 And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them.Mat 13:38 The field is the world; the good seed are the children of the kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked one;Mat 13:39 The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end of the world; and the reapers are the angels.Mat 13:40 As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so shall it be in the end of this world.Mat 13:41 The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do iniquity;Mat 13:42 And shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth.Mat 13:43 Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear.Next note in 1 Corinthians 15:24 'then cometh the end' The one resurrection of the saints comes at the end of time. Death is conquered forever and there is no place found for the wicked so they go into a spiritual lake of fire forever.When you look at the parable of the Tares and wheat it is impossible to derive a resurrection from a rapture before the 'end of the age' or better the end of time as described in that parable. All the righteous will wait till that end time harvest of souls and then wicked will be separated from the righteous which includes those to whom He was speaking and it all happens on the Last day.The Second Coming of Christ is not the same as the Rapture by Christ.


What are the names of 4 mountains mentioned in quran?

The earth is mentioned in the Quran about 450 times! The Quran devotes many verses to the signs of God on the earth. Because we live on this planet, we are supposed to look for signs of its Creator. Also, scientists know about our beautiful planet more than any other object in the universe. They are on hand to experiment directly, to interpret the evidences and to draw conclusions. The verses of the Quran that describe the earth are quite astounding. As in the case of any other scientific miracle, these verses are scattered throughout the Quran. They are presented in the context of spiritual enlightening for someone who looks around for the signs of Allah.MountainsMountains affect life on earth in many ways. Apart from the obvious mineral, forest, agricultural, and recreational resource values, they have a significant influence on climate, economy, and history. Humans enjoy the glorious scenery of mountains, and many sometimes feel humbled in front of these gigantic structures. How and when did they form? What are they for? What is the mechanism of keeping them on the earth's crust, in spite of their huge weight?The first question is answered by geologists, who presented three ways of forming mountains:By crustal uplift, that is, folding, faulting, or arching of the earth's crust.By differential erosion or land sculpturing.By volcanic activities.The Creator of the mountains reveals:Surah 78, Ayah 6-7 "Have we not made the earth as a wide expanse, and the mountains as pegs?Allah states that the mountains are similar to pegs or wedges. A peg is used to fasten things so they cannot move, like the peg that is used to fix the ropes of a tent. Or, you can imagine the crust of the earth as a carpet, and the mountains as the nails that hold the carpet in place. It is now known that the crust of the earth is much deeper under the mountains, which indicate the existence of a root system under high mountains. According to recent measurements, the depth of a mountain's roots can reach 40 miles underground, while the highest known mountain reaches only 5.6 miles above ground.The similarity between mountains and pegs is quite obvious. Pegs sink underground by the force of a hammer, while mountains sink underground by the force of gravity. Pegs hold and fix the tent. Mountains hold and fix the earth's crust. The thickness of the fabric of a tent is small compared to its size. The crust of the earth is no more than 1 percent of the radius of the earth. Therefore, one can conclude that describing the mountains as pegs is a perfect description. Muhammad used to worship Allah in a cave in a mountain near Mecca, but he certainly did not take measuring instruments to get information about the underground structure of the mountains. There is just no way that Muhammad could have established this description on his own. No one can explain the mountains with such accuracy except the Designer and Creator of the mountains themselves.The balance and the stability of mountains are also explained in the Quran as follows:Surah 16, Ayah 15 "And He has set up on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with you."Surah 21, Ayah 31 "And We have set on earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with them."Think about the similarity of the above verses! Other verses in the Quran also give the same meaning (Surah 31, Ayah 10; Surah 79, Ayah 32). When the meaning of a verse is repeated like that, then this is an invitation to mankind to take these words and examine them carefully. It should be also an invitation to scientists to examine each verb, each noun, and each letter in the scientific verses of the Quran, since that could well direct them to an explanation to an existing fact. The Arabic verb that describes the standing of the mountains indicates stability of ships in the sea as they dock alongside a pier. Ships in this case do not go down because of the upward buoyant force that acts upon the ship. This upward buoyant force is equal to the downward gravitational force; hence the ship stays in equilibrium. The choice of the Arabic verb that indicates the stability of mountains, and its similarity to docking ships, is just beyond human comprehension.In another Ayah, Allah states that the mountains move:Surah 27, Ayah 88 "Thou see the mountains and think them firmly fixed, but they shall pass away as the clouds pass away. (Such is) the artistry of Allah, who disposes of all things in perfect order: for he is well acquainted with all that ye do."In the above Ayah, Allah states clearly that mountains move like clouds. However, people think that mountains are firmly fixed to the earth. So if the mountains move, so does the earth. This is an obvious reference to the motion of the Earth, and this information was not available in the seventh century.What do you think of Muhammad's knowledge about mountains, ships, Archimedes' principle, density of the earth, density of mountains, and motion of mountains and earth? If you think that he knew about any of these subjects, then he must have been a great geologist. But if you think that he had no information about these subjects, then it must be considered factual that the Quran is the authentic Words of God.EarthquakesHumans stand helpless in front of a devastating earthquake. All the wealth and power of a human cannot help avoid the consequences of any natural catastrophe. In this case, all people are equal, and earthquakes do not differentiate between poor or rich, powerful or humble, or sick or healthy. A violent earthquake is a terrifying experience in its suddenness and its power of destruction to shake or uproot the strongest buildings. With all our amazing technologies and power to solve complicated equations, yet no scientist is capable of predicting the place and time of the next earthquake.The immediate cause of earthquakes is fracturing of crustal rocks. The earthquake map of the earth shows a strong concentration around the whole Pacific Ocean, in the middle of Atlantic Ocean, south of Europe in the Mediterranean Sea, and in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Statistics show the extent of destruction and consequences of major earthquakes in highly populated areas. In most cases earthquakes last from few seconds to one minute and half. But the suddenness of the earthquakes and their short time still represent a major puzzle to seismologists.The Glorious Quran addresses the subject of earthquakes in many places, and one chapter has the earthquake as its title, Surah 99:Surah 99, Ayah 1-2 "When the earth is shaken to her utmost convulsion (earthquake), and the earth throws her burden (weights) from within."The above Surah refers to the tremendous earthquake and the uprooting that will take place when the present order of the world is dissolved and the new world of Justice and Truth takes its place. The sign used is that of an earthquake which will shake our present material and phenomenal world to its very foundation. This overwhelming event, before the Day of the Judgment, will be a bigger and more far-reaching convulsion than any earthquake we have ever known.Will humans remember the frightful events of the Day of Judgment? Will they continue to neglect the purpose of their creation? How long will they persist in discrediting God and attach human attributes to Him? How long are they going to keep arguing about His Existence and His Unlimited Power? How long are they going to ignore the Quran and the message of Muhammad? Can't we look at earthquakes and other natural catastrophes in their right prospective? Read what Allah says:Surah 22, Ayah 1 "O mankind! Fear your Lord! For the convulsion (earthquake) of the Hour (of Judgment) will be a terrible thing."The Spherical EarthAt a time when it was held that the earth was fixed at the center of the world, and that the sun moved around the earth, the Quran approached the motion of the earth by the above-mentioned Ayat of mountains, and by the following Ayat about day and night:Surah 31, Ayah 29 "Seest thou not that Allah merges Night into Day and he merges Day into Night"Surah 39, Ayah 5 "He created the heavens and the earth in true (proportions). He makes the night overlap the day and the day overlap the night"The above two Ayat provide interesting material on the process of interpretation and especially on winding the night upon the day and the day upon the night in the second Ayah. The literal Arabic text for the verb "to overlap" above is "to make a sphere." This is an astounding use of this verb that refers to the earth as a sphere.Astronauts have seen and photographed what happens from their space ships especially at great distances from the earth. They saw how the sun permanently lights up (except in the case of an eclipse) half of the earth's surface that faces the sun, while the other half is in darkness. The earth then turns on its axis, and the light from the sun stays the same, so that an area of another half a sphere is subjected to light. The light makes one revolution around the earth's surface in twenty-four hours. This perpetual rotation of night and day is quite clearly described in the above Ayah. It is easy to grasp this notion in the present time and age, because we know the solar system and the orbit of the earth.Further to the above reflection on the sequence of night and day, one must also mention, with quotation of some Ayat from the Quran, the idea that there is more than one east and one west. For example, God refers to Himself as:Surah 70, Ayah 40 "Lord of Easts and Wests"Surah 55, Ayah 17 "Now I do call to witness the Lord of the two Easts and the two Wests."Anyone who carefully watches the sunrise and sunset knows that the sun rises at different points in the east, and sets at different points in the west, according to the season. Each of the points of the east and the west are limited between two extreme points for the east and the west. The two extreme points of the east and the west are those that are referred to in the above second Ayah. Allah swears by the Lord of the two easts and the two wests. He swears by His Creation, and whatever He swears with represents an object of great significance. That is why keeping all the points of the east and the west between two limits represents one marvelous Creation of the Lord of everything.The Earth's AtmosphereIn addition to many Ayat specifically related to the sky, the Quran contains many passages dealing with phenomena that occur in the atmosphere. The comparison between these Ayat and the present scientific data proves without any shadow of doubt that the Quran is the authentic Words of God.It is a known fact that discomfort is experienced by man in high altitude, which increases the higher one climbs. As altitude is increased, the atmospheric density and pressure decrease. Humans cannot survive, or at least be comfortable, for a long period of time in atmospheric conditions higher than 8,000 feet. It has been also established that most humans could not survive atmospheric conditions equivalent to altitude of about 40,000 feet for more than a very short period of time. This experience is expressed in the Quran as follows:Surah 6, Ayah 125 "Those whom Allah willeth to guide, He open their chests to Islam: Those whom He willeth to leave straying, He make their chests close and constricted as if they had to climb up in the skies"Some commentators explain the above Ayah as related to the will of God to guide one to the Truth. The above Ayah also means that in spiritual and physical worlds, there are laws of justice, mercy, grace, penalty, etc., which work surely as anything we know. If, then, a man refuses the guidance of God and becomes a rebel, then with each step he goes further and further astray, and his pace will be accelerated. He will scarcely be able to take a spiritual breath, and his recovery, in spite of Allah's mercy that he rejected, will be difficult as if he had to climb up to the skies.Electricity and LighteningElectricity in the atmosphere is a result of lightening and hails as referred to in the following Ayat:Surah 24, Ayah 43 "Seest thou not that Allah makes the clouds move gently, then joins them together, then makes them into a heap? - Then wilt thou see rain issue forth from their midst. And He sends down from the sky mountain masses (of clouds) wherein is hail: He strikes therewith whom He pleases and He turns it away from whom He pleases, the vivid flash of His lightning well-nigh blinds the sight"Surah 13, Ayah 12-13 "It is He Who doth show you the lightning, by way both of fear and of hope: It is He Who doth raise up the clouds, heavy with (fertilizing) rain! Nay, thunder repeateth His praises, and so do the angels, with awe: He flingeth the loud-voiced thunder-bolts, and therewith He striketh whomsoever He will. Yet these (are the men) who (dare to) dispute about Allah, with the strength of His power (supreme)!"Clouds form from existing water vapors in the atmosphere. As the height of the clouds increases, water vapors are then condensed into raindrops, hail, and freezing rain, due to the motion of air currents inside the clouds. Small raindrops move up and down in the cloud, until they become bigger and heavier. When their weights exceed the aerodynamic forces, rain falls down. Some clouds exceed high mountains reaching a height of 6,500 feet. They look dark and usually produce rain, hail, or freezing rain.The verb "join" in the above first Ayah indicates assembling or overcoming repulsion due to the different electrostatic charges that exist in these high clouds. It is not known exactly how electrostatic charges form in the clouds, because some clouds may have positive charges at the top, negative charges in the middle, and positives charge at the bottom. With these different charges, the significance of the word "join" can be seen in spite of the repulsive forces between positive and negative charges.The description of high and heavy clouds in the first Ayah is accurate. This Ayah also shows a relationship between forming hailstorms and lightening. Moreover, it indicates that hail is quite a local phenomenon. You see hail on one street while on the neighboring one, there is no sign of it! Sparks between positive and negative charges cause lightening. The temperature at the spark may reach 1,000 degrees, and that expands the air rapidly causing the air to explode as in a thunderstorm.Heavy thunderstorms and hailstorms are quite frightening. There is no telling of what may happen to any person or any property during these storms. It may be that someone may remember his Creator during these frightening moments. It fascinating that thunder, that sends shivers to our hearts due to its suddenness, praises the glory of Allah, while some people deny His existence!you brother in islam: Hassibullah Anwary