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the conductivity of a material depends on the transfer of electrons from valence band to conduction band ,

when the two atoms come closer their outer energy shells (that are active in transfer of electrons ) get divided into two levels valence band which is full of electrons of lower energy and conduction band which is empty of higher energy. The gap between the two levels is called the forbidden energy gap which is a deciding factor for conductivity.

for example in conductors these two bands overlap ,and in insulators there is a wide gap hence they are bad conductors ....

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Q: Some matirals are good counductors because they are able to easily transfer what patticals from one atom to another?
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