memory card, like SD or Memory Stick
Yes, some routers allow sharing USB storage over network without connecting the storage to a computer. You connect USB storage directly to the router and using router's setting you can setup permissions and access list for your storage.
A laptop IS a computer. They can certainly be used for most applications without being connected to anything. Many have wireless capability and can connect to the internet without being directly connected to anything else, but they are connected, it's just wireless.
You can get a cable for your camera which would connect to a computer USB port.
You can connect to a wireless router and use the App Store app to browse and download applications directly to your iPod Touch via the Wi-Fi connection without connecting to your computer.
Most computers don't like it so much if you try to connect them together directly with an Ethernet cable. Your best bet is to purchase a router and connect both computers to that. Wait, without cables? If they both have wireless capability, you can create an ad-hoc network between the two. Otherwise, good luck trying to connect them.
A camera printer combination is when the package consists of both a printer and a camera that can connect directly together for simple printing service without the need for a computer.
Yes, any wireless router can be used with the iPad without a computer.
Storage devices are the core function and fundamentals of computers. The purpose of the storage device is to store information. If storage devices are removed from the computer, storing the information retrievals wouldn't be possible.
bluetooth
Assuming that by CPU you are referring to a separate desktop machine, you can use a crossover ethernet cable to connect them directly
You will have to buy a card, or get an adapter.
Wireless Fidelity. Basically means you can connect to a network without wires.