Ductility is an objects ability to deform under tensile stress.
Their breaking strength is smaller than their shear strength. Once the strain on the material surpasses the elastic limit, the material will fracture and in process known as brittle fracture. This plastic deformation is permanent and irreversible.
Up to a point, it is possible to elastically deform any material. If the force is released, the material relaxes back to its original shape. If a material is deformed too much, the deformation becomes permanent (plastic deformation) or fracture will occur in a non-ductile material such as glass.
Plastic deformation is a permanent unrecoverable deformation. When the load that caused the deformation is removed, the material will not return to it's original shape but will maintain it's newly deformed shape.
A fault is an example of brittle deformation which is defined as a loss of cohesion whereby a fracture or fractures propagate through the material.
When a material deforms, it does so in several stages. The first stage, called the elastic region of deformation, is linear in nature and not permanent. A stress can be applied, and once it's removed, the material will regain all of the deformation. The second stage, plastic deformation, is permanent. A material that has been stressed into the plastic region will regain the elastic deformation, but will permanently maintain the plastic.The proportional strength is the point at which plastic deformation begins.
permanent deformation in non crystalline materials is due to viscous flow or localized slip! deformation depends on glass transition temperature.
Yield strength is the stress at which a specified amount of permanent deformation of a material occurs. When we apply stress to a material, it deforms. Some of the deformation is plastic and the material can recover when the stress is relieved. But some deformation is permanent and the material cannot recover from it. As we apply more stress, there is more deformation. This plots on a curve in a somewhat linear, or proportional, way. But at some point, a bit more stress results in a lot more deformation, and this is the proportional limit of the material. Stress applied beyond this causes an increasing rate of deformation until the maximum or ultimate strength of the material is reached. (Beyond that it will fail completely.) Somewhere between the proportional limit and the ultimate strength of the material is the yield strength. The yield strength of a material cannot be calculated for any material. It must be arrived at through (repeated) experiment and statistical analysis. Use the link below to the related question, and the other links to related articles that explain more about yield strength.
You usually say that the member fractures or fails at its ultimate stressDepending on the properties of the material, as stress increases, a typical metal will undergo elastic deformation, then a region of (nearly) constant plastic deformation, then strain hardening, a period of necking and then fracture.
cold crushing strength of a refractory brick is gross compressive stress required to cause fracture. Maximum Structural load that a material can withstand without fracture
cold crushing strength of a refractory brick is gross compressive stress required to cause fracture. Maximum Structural load that a material can withstand without fracture
Modulus of rupture is the ability of a material to resist deformation when load is applied. It is used as a mechanical parameter to test the brittleness of a material. It is also known as bend strength, fracture strength, or flexural strength.
Elastic deformation is recoverable deformation. As such, when the load that caused the deformation is removed the material will return to it's original shape.