The amount of light, or brightness, of a star is measured by it magnitude - the lower the magnitude the brighter the object. The following gives an idea of the range when measured in visible light: The sun (as viewed from Earth) is at a magnitude of -26.73
The darkest object visible to the naked eye (under very dark conditions) is at around magnitude 7.7
The faintest visible object that can be seen by the Hubble Space Telescope is around magnitude 31.
Heat, like light, can travel as electromagnetic waves through the vacuum of space. However most stars are so remote that the amount of heat reaching us is negligible. The only star which gives us measurable heat is the Sun.
To find the speed of a star using Doppler shift, you can measure the change in the wavelength of light emitted by the star. If the light is redshifted, the star is moving away from us; if it is blueshifted, the star is moving towards us. By analyzing the amount of shift, you can determine the star's speed relative to the observer.
Theta Eridani is at a distance of 120 light years; this means that light reaching us now left it 120 years ago. At that time, there were no cars, no airplanes, no computers, no Internet, ...
Stars' light tells us whether the star is moving toward us or away, it tells us the size of the star, and also the distance the star is from us. Stars light also tells us fairly accurately what different materials it is made of. (Usually hydrogen and helium). Light can also tell us if the star has about used up its hydrogen and so on.
Because their light is still reaching us.
Any star . The star that supplies heat and light to us is our very own Sun.
Red shift is the apparent elongation of the wavelength of light reaching us from distant sources of light due to the expansion of space in between. The amount of red shift can be used to work out the recessional velocity of a galaxy and it's distance from us.
The amount of light that a star emits is measured using the concept of luminosity. Luminosity is the total amount of energy emitted by a star per unit of time, typically expressed in watts. It is determined by the star's size, temperature, and age. The brightness that we observe from Earth also depends on the star's distance from us.
Regulus or Alpha Leonis is approximately 77 light years away. Light reaching Earth in 2010 would have left Regulus in 1933.
They can determine how fast the star is moving toward or away from us. The chemical spectral signature is used to determine the Doppler shift of the visible light reaching us. This is then used to calculate how fast we and the star in question are moving toward or away from each other.
Its real (absolute) magnitude; its distance from Earth; the amount of light that's absorbed by matter between the star and us (extinction); distortions due to gravitational lensing.
Polaris (North Star) is about 433 light years from us, so that is how long light will take to reach us.