Refraction
( the bending of light as it passes from a one transparent material to another with a different density)
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Bending of light is caused by light going through different mediums (or "media").For example, when it goes from air into a glass prism.The light would bend when the light hits the glass at an angle then bend again when it leaves the prism.This is called Refraction.The fundamental explanation of refraction involves the fact that light travels at different speeds in different mediums.Also, the phenomenon called "diffraction" can cause the bending of light.Another time that light can be bent is when travelling through a strong gravitational field. The explanation for this effect comes from Einstein's Theory of Relativity.
Light refracts or bends when it leaves one medium and enters another one (i.e. when it goes from air to water; when it goes from glass to air). This is because the speed of light is different in different materials (light travels in a vacuum at a speed of 3 x 10^8 m/s and is slower in all other mediums). When light slows down (i.e. moves from air into water), the light bends towards the normal; when light speeds up (i.e. moves from water into air), the light bends away from the normal. light is never bent when travelling between media, only refracted. there is research into the bending of light around large objects in space and utilising the bending of electromagnetic waves to create invisible objects.
Shear is the rate at which bending moment changes or shear is its derivative with respect to span. The integral, bending moment, goes through a maximum when shear goes from positive to negative or vice-versa.
Transparent = light goes through the object (like glass). Translucent = some light goes through the block but there is sufficient diffusion to prevent perception of distinct images. Opaque = No light can get through the object.
The speed of light through vacuum is constant. The speed of light through air is slightly less. The speed of light through water or some other medium is even less than that. The factor by which the speed of light (and its wavelength) is reduced within a medium is called the "index of refraction" (which determines the amount of bending that occurs when light goes from one medium to another).
The material is said to be translucent.
Refraction is the bending of light beams when it goes from a more dense to a less dense medium, like glass and water. Or the other way around, too. Refraction can also occur with radio waves.
a vacuum (space is pretty much a vacuum). It slows down when it goes through gas, even more through water, glass or diamond (causing refraction or bending of the light).
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That part is called as pupil. Through this aperture the light goes in to retina.
When we bend a plastic ruler........ it bends in a specific plane in which the value of ots flexural rigidity is less i.e. in a plane where its moment of inertia is less............... it forms a deflection curve, the upper part goes into compression and the lower part into tension keeping a specific fibre called the neutral fibre the same in length. Also Bending stresses are developed which oppose the bending of the ruler. This phenomenon is based on the theory of bending of beams under the scope of strength of materials