Black
Black smoke indicates a rich fuel mixture.
Engine is running lean.
It's a turbine mounted in the exhaust manifold to give more power and smoother running to the engine.
No, not really. An engine will run without an exhaust (but you may get arrested). The exhaust simply directs waste gasses and quietens the noise. It plays no part in the running of the engine, but can reduce the performance if it causes on obstruction to the gasses.
Moisture in the exhaust, or a cold running engine.
Sounds like exhaust leak.
T he rest of their life.....
Not if the engine is running. The turbo is powered by exhaust gasses.
They are 500-1000 degrees F, depending on the engine.
if a small amount of water is dripping it is normal condensation from running an engine
Exhaust fumes may enter and that is not good.
sounds like you have head gasket problem if the exhaust smoke is white in colour then its engine coolant if its blue smoke then its burning oil you will need to get the engine pressure tested at a garage.