matrix. to create a concentration gradient
Atomic number is the equivalent of the number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
20 protons, 18 electron's, and 20 neutrons
Two dots are shown in the electron dot diagram for calcium in group 2 and period 4 with 20 protons and 20 electrons.
when the chlorine atom gains an electron its charge becomes -1. this is because the total number of electrons for chlorine is now 18. protons and electrons have the same atomic number, but when a chlorine ion forms it has one extra electron compared to the number of protons therefore giving it a negative charge of 1.
A: Gaining an electron
mitochondria inner membrane
passive transport since the protons are moving down their concentration gradient back into the mitochondrial matrix.
The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to protons on its own, so the energy of the proton gradient is stable. This means that energy is needed to make the protons go somewhere, thereby continuing the electron transport system.
During electron transport in the mitochondrion, protons (H+) accumulate in the intermembrane space. This happens as electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient of protons is later utilized by ATP synthase to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
The outer lumen of the mitochondria. All those protons being pumped into the outer lumen make it quite acidic.
The chemiosmosis theory postulates that living cells produce ATP from a proton gradient across a membrane by an enzyme called ATP synthase. Animals generate this proton gradient with the mitochondrial electron transport chain. When reductants (NADH, FADH2) give up their electrons to the electron transport chain, the electrons move to increasingly stronger oxidizing agents, using the released energy to pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Plants, however, generate the proton gradient directly with the photosystems and the photosynthetic electron transport chain. When the photosystem becomes excited, water is split into protons, oxygen and electrons. The electrons are then passed into the photosynthetic electron transport chain, which is analogous to the mitochondrial electron transport chain in that it also uses the energy of the oxidation reactions to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane. The end result is the same, however, because the proton gradient generates proton motive force, which is then used to synthesize ATP with ATP synthase.
NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers (they store energy in the form of energetic electrons) and pass these electrons to the electron transport chain, which uses a series of redox reactions driven by the energetic electrons to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The protons re-enter the mitochondrial matrix via ATP synthases, leading to the production of ATP - the energy currency of the cell.
ATP is created by the movement of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix through complex V which is ATP synthase. The effect that electron transport has on oxidative phosphorylation is that the two processes are tightly coupled, stopping electron transport will ultimately stop oxidative phosphorylation.
The electron transport chain uses energetic electrons to pump protons into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The chemiosmotic process involving ATP synthase makes ATPs by taking advantage of the tendency of the protons to return to the mitochondrial matrix.
Oxygen serves as an electron acceptor. When food is completely metabolised in the organism, it is decomposed to electrons, protons and CO2. The electrons are carried by NADH to mitochondria, to electron-transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen receives electrons, thus providing for maximal yield of energy carried by those electrons (in the electron-transport chain, they are used for pumping protons across the mitochondrial membrane, thus proton gradient which empowers ATPase, is maintained). At last, the ATPase enzyme produces ATP, the usable form of energy.
The electron transport chain functions to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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