Elements and Compounds

You have answered the question for yourself.

The formula is C12H22O11

The number after each elemental symbol , tells of the number of atoms of that element in the molecule.

Hence

Carbon (C) has 12 atoms

Hydrogen (H) has 22 atoms

Oxygen (O) has 11 atoms.

YES!!!Its a 'big' complex molecule. Unfortunately, I cannot draw it in Answers to show the atomic arrangements.

Boron has three valance electrons. Boron also has three electtrons in outermost energy shell.

The 'Valance' number of electrons tells you how many bonds will form between boron and other atoms.

Compare with oxygen . Oxygen has two valance electrons . However, oxygen has 6 electrons in its outermost energy shell. This means that oxygen will form two bonds between other atoms. Thus leaving four electrons uncombined; they are known as 'lone pairs'.

Because the electrons are fixed their given bond, and are NOT free to move.

When electrons are free to move within a substance then it is conducting electricity.

In Diamond , electrons are not free to move. ], because each carbon atom creates four single covalent bonds , with each of its four neighbour carbon atoms, in an Adamantine Structure.

However, in Graphite, each carbon atom creates three bonds with neighbour carbon atoms. This leaves a 'spare' electron that can move. Hence graphite conducts electricity,; as in carbon brushes in electrical motors.

Diamond and Graphite are two of the three allotropes of carbon. One conducts electricity , but the other resists conduction.

As a solid metal oxide , it is a BASE.

When dissolved in water it is an ALKALI.

Remember an Alkali is a soluble BASE.

metal oxide + water = metal hydroxide.

NB THere is NEITHER a gas, NOR metal salt produced.

General Group '1' metal

M2O + H2O = 2MOH

General eq'n fro Group '2' meta;

MO + H2O = M(OH)2

'M' refers to the metal from the given Periodic Table Groups.

Hydrogen gas (H₂) is held together by a single covalent bond.

That means the two hydrogen atoms share one pair of electrons. Each hydrogen atom needs 2 electrons to have a full outer shell, so by sharing electrons, both atoms become more stable.

So the answer is:

A single covalent bond holds two hydrogen atoms together in hydrogen gas.

Elemental carbon as the graphite allotrope is 'BLACK'.

As Diamond, it is an opaque white-ish rock, until 'cut' by a jeweller. Then clear and shiny.

Buckminster fullerene(C60) ??? red/orange.

These are the three known allotropes of elemental carbon .

'NO' Nitric Oxide.

Do NOT confuse with

N2O ; Nitrous Oxide (Laughing gas)

NO2 ; Nitrogen dioxide.

NO3^(-) ; nitrate anion.

Every element is found in the environment.

However, not all elements are found as elements, but generally in combination with other elements.

'Gold' is a notable exception. It is found/mined/panned as nuggets.

Any acid (x) .

Remember the general reaction equ'n for acids and carbonates.

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

So using hydrochloric acid (HCl)

2HCl + CaCO3 = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

The 'salt' is calcium chloride (CaCl2)

Using Ethanoic(Acetic ) Acid

2CH3COOH + CaCO3 = Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2

The salt is calcium ethanoate(acetate) Ca(CH3COO)2

Remember the general acid reaction eq'n.s

Acid + Base = Salt + Water

Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water

Acid + Metal = Salt + hydrogen

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

NB An Alkali is a soluble Base.

Yes!!!! It's named 'WATER' (H2O).

NB Compounds are any substances where two or more different elements combine together.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a compound

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a compound

Ammonia (NH3) is a compound.

etc.,

There millions more compounds.

Depending on the temperature, hydrogen can exist in three states of matter (forms), viz., gas, liquid, and solid.

Also hydrogen has three isotopes, viz. protium, deuterium, and tritium. This depends on the number of neutrons present in the nucleus.

protium ; 0 neutrons ; The most common isotope of hydrogen

deuterium ; 1 neutron ; known as 'heavy hydrogen'.

tritium ; 2 neutrons ; known as 'super-heavy' hydrogen, and it is also radio-active.

NB When describing as 'forms' you need to be more specific, re. isotopes, states of matter , or any other characteristic.

YES!!! It is an isotope named 'Tritium'.

hydrogen exists as three isotopes.

#1; protium ; 1 proton, 0 neutrons, 1 electron ; Atomic mass '1'. The most common isotope of hydrogen

#2; deuterium ; 1 proton, 1 neutron, 1 electron ; Atomic mass '2'. Known as 'heavy' hydrogen

#3 tritium ; 1 proton, 2 neutrons, 1 electron ; Atomic mass '3'. The rarest isotope and radio active isotope of hydrogen

Notice the number of neutrons in each isotope, and also the atomic mass increases.

NB THe next element in the Periodic Table is Helium (He)

He ; 2 protons, 2 neutrons and 2 electrons. Atomic Mass '4'. The most inert element known.

Again compare hydrogen/helium regarding number of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and atomic mass.

An ANION is an atom that has gained a negative charge.

The chlorine atom 'Cl' becomes the chloride anion (Cl^(-)) when it gained an electron.

NB When atoms gained or lose electrons , they are no longer atoms , but IONS.

An CATION is an atom that has gained a positive charge.

The sodium atom 'Na' becomes the sodium cation (Na^(+)) when it loses an electron.

NB When atoms gained or lose electrons , they are no longer atoms , but IONS.

NO!!!

The product is SULPHUROUS Acis ; ( NOT sulphuric acid).

Here is the reaction eq'n

SO2(g) + H2O(l) = H2SO3(aq) (Sulphurous Acid).

To make sulphuric acid the sulphur dioxide has to be further oxidised .

Hence

SO2 + (1/2)O2(g) == Vanadium catalyst ==> SO3(g)

SO3(g) + H2O(l) = H2SO4( aq) sulphuric acid.

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A chlorine atom GAINS one electron to form the Chloride anion.

Cl + e^(-) = Cl^(-)

The outer energy (valence) shell of a chlorine atom has seven)7) electrons. There is space to accept one more electron in order to complete its 'octet'.

The chlorine in sodium chloride has GAINED an electron .

Represented by the 'half-eq'n',

Cl + e^(-) = Cl^(-)

Chlorine has been REDUCED (Gained an electron)

Conversely sodium has LOST an electron

Represented by the 'half-eq'n'.

Na = Na^(+) + e^(-)

Sodium has been OXIDISED(Lost an electron).

The two ions come together by electrostatic attraction to form the ionic compound sodium chloride.

Na^(+) + Cl^(-) = NaCl(s).

Think of the mnemonic OILRIG.

Oxid'n Is Loss (of electrons); Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).

Iron sulphate/ iron sulphite.

Iron(II) sulphate(Ferrous sulphate) is FeSO4 ; Iron in is oxdation state '2' (II). Iron(III) sulphate(Ferric sulphate) is Fe2(SO4)3 ; Iron in is oxdation state '3'(III)

Iron(II) sulphite(Ferrous sulphite) is FeSO3 ; Iron in is oxdation state '2' (II). Iron(III) sulphite(Ferric sulphite) is Fe2(SO3)3 ; Iron in is oxdation state '3' (III).

For the second part , note the spelling and the number of oxygen's present.

Same as the solid ' MgCl2 ', its just that the molecules are further apart.

MgCO3 is Magnesium Carbonate.

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Nitrogen.

Molecular mass of N2 = 14 x 2 = 28

Molecular mass of O2 = 16 x 2 = 32

32 > 28 Hence oxygen is heavier than nitrogen.

NB CO2 is heavier again. Molecular mass is 12 + ( 2 x 16) = 44

So CO2 fall to the ground and is absorbed by 'green' plant life to form oxygen and biomass.

It is a dangerous radio-active metallic Group '1' element.

It will react explosively with water. The spray from the explosion is also radio-active, so you will not find it in a school/college/university lab.

It is kept under very controlled conditions.