Acids and Bases

Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium hydroxide = Sodium chloride + ( Dihydrogen monoxide universally known as ) Water.

Chemical reaction eq'n.

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) = NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Sodium chloride is common salt, that you may put in food for cooking/eating.

An acidic solution , with a common ion of ' H^(+)'. It does NOT react, because of the common ion effect.

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A chemical reaction between a strong acid and a strong base is known as neutralization. In this process, the hydrogen ions (H⁺) from the acid react with the hydroxide ions (OH⁻) from the base to form water (H₂O), while the remaining ions combine to produce a salt. This reaction typically results in a solution that has a pH of around 7, indicating neutrality. An example of this is the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which produces sodium chloride (NaCl) and water.

NO2 + H2O = HNO3

The molar ratios are all 1: 1:: 1

So moles(NO2_ = 18.5 g/ ( 14 + (2x 16)_ = 18.5 / 46 mole (Equivlanet to 1 molar ratio).

Hence

1 molar ratio of HNO3 = 18.5/46 = mass(g) / 63

Algebraically rearrange

mass(g)= 18.5 x 63 / 46 = 25.47 g

YES!!!!

HCl is hydrochloric acid. In solution it dissolves into H^(+( & By comparison Cl^(-).

This is almost 100% dissolution, hence it is referred as strong.

It is monoprotic , because it only contains one hydrogen ion (proton)

By comparison sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is 'diprotic' ; contains two hydrogen ions

By comparison ethanoic acid is a weak acid. . When in solution, only a few protons dissociate from the parent molecule

CH3COOH CH3COO^(-) + H^(+)

The double arrowhead indicatesonly a few protons dissociate

When written to other way means a lot of protons dissociate.

Alkalis and acids react together to form salt and water. This is known as a neutralization reaction, where the acidic properties of the acid combine with the basic properties of the alkali to produce a neutral solution.

What is 'hydrolic acid'????

If you mean 'hydrochloric acid (HCl)'.

The answer is 'potassium chloride'.

Here is the word eq'n.

potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid produces potassium chloride + water.

Here is the balanced chemical reaction eq'n

KOH(aq) + HCl(aq) = KCl(aq) + H2O(l)

NO!!!! Definitely not!!!! forms an alkali.

An Alkali is a soluble base. . A base is a metal oxide.

So any metal oxide that dissolves in water

The symbol for acids is ' H^(+)'.

The symbol of alkali is ; OH^(-) '.

Acids are in the pH scale of 0 - 6

Alkalis are in the pH scale of 8-14.

When you combine an acid with an alkali the product is water.

H^(+) + OH^(-) = H2O ; pH = 7.

When reacting an acid with an alkali , the products are a (chemical) salt and water.

Here are the general acid reaction equations.

Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water

Acid + Base = Salt + Water

Acid + Metal = Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

NB An Alkali is a soluble 'Base'.

Here are some examples.

Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide = Sodium Chloride + Water

HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O

Sulphuric Acid + Calcium Oxide = Calcium Sulphate + Water

H2SO4 + CaO = CaSO4 + H2O

Nitric Acid + iron = Iron nitrate + Hydrogen

2HNO3 + Fe = Fe(NO3)2 + H2

Phosphoric Acid + Magnesium Carbonate = Magnesium phosphate m water and carbon dioxicde.

2H3PO4 + 3MgCO3 = Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2O + 3CO2

A WEAK BASE on the pH scale would be , pH = 8

NB A WEAK ACID on the pH scale would be , pH = 6.

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 .

pH = 0 VERY STRONG ACID/

pH = 5 A weak Acid

pH = 7 Neutrality ( Water)

pH = 9 A Weak Alkali/Base

pH = 14 VERY STRONG ALKALI/BASE.

NB An Alkali is a soluble base.

The salt is Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2)

Here is the balanced reaction eq'n.

2HCl(aq) + ZnO(s) = ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

A (chemical) salt is any metal combined to an acid anion.

Here are some examples of chemical salts.

Sodium chloride (NaCl) ; Table salt you use at home.

Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4)

Aluminium nitrate (Al(NO3)3)

Strontium phosphate ( Sr3(PO4)2).

They are all produced in the same way., by reacting the metal or its base(Oxide) with the corresponding acid.

NNB There are many more chemical salts.

No gas is produced. See the table below for the alkali reaction.

This is the classic acid + alkali = salt +water.

Here is a table of acid reactions;

Acid + Base = Salt + Water

Acid + Alkali = Salt + water

Acid + metal = Salt + Hydrogen (gas)

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide (Gas) .

Here are some sample reaction eq'ns.

2HCl + Na2O = 2NaCl + H2O

HCl + + NaOH = NaCl + H2O

2HCl + Ca = CaCl2 + H2(g)

2HCl + CaCO3 = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2(g)

NB An Alkali is a soluble base.

NNB There are many more reactions that follow these reaction rules.

Potassium pentanoate.

Here is the ba;anced chemical reaction Eq'n ;

CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH + KOH = H2O + CH3CH2CH2CH2COOK

It is the classic Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water ( in the organic form).

Historically Pentanoic Acid/ Pentanoate was known as ' Valeric Acid / Valerate '.

A chemically basic substance that has been dissolved in water.

NB Chemical Bases are oxides of Group 1 & 2 metals. e.g. Sodium oxide (Na2O) or Magnesium oxide (MgO).

NNB An Alkali is a soluble base.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with hydrochloric acid (HCl) is: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O.

[H is the negative logarithm , to the base ten, of the hydrogen ion concentration.

Algebraically.

#pH = -log(10)[H^(+)] .

Substituting

pH = -log(10)[4.3 x 10^(-8)]

[H = -(-7.6335....)

pH = 7.63

NB pH is normally quoted to two decimal places.

Nitric acid is strong oxidizer, so if it is mixed with a right fuel it can be possible of denotation. The salts it may form can also be strong oxidizers. However, nitric acid itself is not explosive.

' HNO3 ' IS the chemical formula.

The chemical name is Nitric Acid .

Nitric Acid ; HNO3

Do NOT confuse with

Nitrous Acid ; HNO2

NB Note the different suffixes and the different number of oxygen atoms.

If you mix an neutral and an acid, The pH of the solution will be closer to 7 (neutral).Also if you mix an acid with an alkali (providing they are around the same strengh) it will turn neutral.

Its like mixing orange juice with water, The juice is acid and the water is neutral, put water in the juice and it become weaker.

NO!!!!

A neutral solution has a pH of '7'

A basic solution has a pH > 7 ; pH 8 - 14

Picric acid sits at the heart of the classic Jaffe reaction, one of the oldest and most widely used ways to estimate creatinine in the lab.

What does it actually do?

In alkaline conditions, picric acid reacts with creatinine to produce a reddish-orange color. This is the Jaffe reaction. The stronger the color, the more creatinine there is in the sample.

In short, picric acid acts as a chromogenic reagent. It creates a color that tells you how much creatinine you have.

Here’s how the process goes:

1. You mix the sample, could be blood, serum, or urine, with an alkaline picrate solution.

2. Creatinine reacts with the picric acid.

3. A colored complex forms.

4. You measure how strong that color is with a spectrophotometer.

5. The absorbance tells you the creatinine concentration.

There’s a hitch, though: The Jaffe method isn’t perfectly specific. Other substances, like glucose, proteins, ketones, even some drugs, also react with picric acid. These are the so-called non-creatinine chromogens, and they can make the results appear higher than they really are.

Because of this lack of specificity, many labs now use enzymatic creatinine assays, which give more accurate results.

When a strong base is added to a weak acid, a neutralization reaction occurs, resulting in the formation of water and a salt. The strong base fully dissociates in solution, significantly increasing the pH and driving the reaction towards the formation of the conjugate base of the weak acid. This can lead to a rapid increase in pH, often resulting in a more basic solution. Additionally, the weak acid will partially dissociate to maintain equilibrium, but the presence of the strong base will shift the equilibrium towards the products.

In alkaline conditions, turmeric turns a reddish-brown color due to the chemical reaction of its active compound, curcumin, with the alkaline medium. This color change contrasts with its typical yellow hue in neutral or acidic environments. The shift in color can be used as a pH indicator in various applications.