Acids and Bases

Sulphate is an Acidic Anion of the formula ' SO4^(2-) '.

It does not exist in the 'free' state, but combined with a cation. e.g. CoSO4 (Cobalt Sulphate).

A soluble base is an ALKALI.

e.g.

potassium oxide is a base.

potassium hydroxide is an alkali.

Eq'n.

K2O(s) + H2O(l) = 2KOH(aq).

Definitely ; a soluble base is an alkali.

First of all 'Marble Chips' are an impure form of Calcium Carbonate.

The Word Equation is

Marble Chips + Hydrochloric Acid = Calcium Chloride + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid = Calcium Chloride + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

Here is the balanced reaction eq'n.

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) = CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g).

NB Other impure forms of calcium carbonate are ;- limestone, chalk, egg shells. NOT lime, however, lime will react with hydrochloric acid. Lime is Calcium Oxide (CaO).

It reacts, probably explosively.

The products are potassium chloride and hydrogen.

The heat of the reaction and the fact that the hydrogen becomes mixed with atmospheric oxygen , makes it explode. to form water.

Here are the reaction eq'ns/

2K(s) + 2HCl(aq) = 2KCl(aq) + H2(g)

2H2(g) + O2(g) ==heat of reaction==> H2O(l) .

NB Remember the general acid reactions.

Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water

Acid + Base = Salt + Water

Acid + Metal = Salt + Hydrogen (as per this one above).

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

Three or more amino acids are called peptides. Peptides can vary in length, with short peptides consisting of just a few amino acids, while longer peptides can be composed of dozens or even hundreds of amino acids.

NEITHER.

It is a liquid of neutral pH = 7.

Water sets up a natural equilibrium

H2O H^(+) + OH^(-)

As you can see it has both acid and hydroxide ions present in equal measure. . So it is NOT an acid nor an alkali.

'Lime' (calcium oxide ; CaO), is a BASE.

It does NOT dissolve in water, therefore it does NOT form an alkali.

Alkalis are soluble bases.

NO!!!

SO2 + H2O = H2SO3 ( Sulphurous Acid). is the Balanced eq'n.

To make sulphuric Acid (H2SO4), the SO2 has to be further oxidised using a catalyst

2SO2 O2 = 2SO3

2SO3 + 2H2O = 2H2SO4 ( Sulphuric acid)_.

Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium hydroxide = Sodium chloride + ( Dihydrogen monoxide universally known as ) Water.

Chemical reaction eq'n.

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) = NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Sodium chloride is common salt, that you may put in food for cooking/eating.

An acidic solution , with a common ion of ' H^(+)'. It does NOT react, because of the common ion effect.

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A chemical reaction between a strong acid and a strong base is known as neutralization. In this process, the hydrogen ions (H⁺) from the acid react with the hydroxide ions (OH⁻) from the base to form water (H₂O), while the remaining ions combine to produce a salt. This reaction typically results in a solution that has a pH of around 7, indicating neutrality. An example of this is the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which produces sodium chloride (NaCl) and water.

NO2 + H2O = HNO3

The molar ratios are all 1: 1:: 1

So moles(NO2_ = 18.5 g/ ( 14 + (2x 16)_ = 18.5 / 46 mole (Equivlanet to 1 molar ratio).

Hence

1 molar ratio of HNO3 = 18.5/46 = mass(g) / 63

Algebraically rearrange

mass(g)= 18.5 x 63 / 46 = 25.47 g

YES!!!!

HCl is hydrochloric acid. In solution it dissolves into H^(+( & By comparison Cl^(-).

This is almost 100% dissolution, hence it is referred as strong.

It is monoprotic , because it only contains one hydrogen ion (proton)

By comparison sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is 'diprotic' ; contains two hydrogen ions

By comparison ethanoic acid is a weak acid. . When in solution, only a few protons dissociate from the parent molecule

CH3COOH CH3COO^(-) + H^(+)

The double arrowhead indicatesonly a few protons dissociate

When written to other way means a lot of protons dissociate.

Alkalis and acids react together to form salt and water. This is known as a neutralization reaction, where the acidic properties of the acid combine with the basic properties of the alkali to produce a neutral solution.

What is 'hydrolic acid'????

If you mean 'hydrochloric acid (HCl)'.

The answer is 'potassium chloride'.

Here is the word eq'n.

potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid produces potassium chloride + water.

Here is the balanced chemical reaction eq'n

KOH(aq) + HCl(aq) = KCl(aq) + H2O(l)

NO!!!! Definitely not!!!! forms an alkali.

An Alkali is a soluble base. . A base is a metal oxide.

So any metal oxide that dissolves in water

The symbol for acids is ' H^(+)'.

The symbol of alkali is ; OH^(-) '.

Acids are in the pH scale of 0 - 6

Alkalis are in the pH scale of 8-14.

When you combine an acid with an alkali the product is water.

H^(+) + OH^(-) = H2O ; pH = 7.

When reacting an acid with an alkali , the products are a (chemical) salt and water.

Here are the general acid reaction equations.

Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water

Acid + Base = Salt + Water

Acid + Metal = Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

NB An Alkali is a soluble 'Base'.

Here are some examples.

Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide = Sodium Chloride + Water

HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O

Sulphuric Acid + Calcium Oxide = Calcium Sulphate + Water

H2SO4 + CaO = CaSO4 + H2O

Nitric Acid + iron = Iron nitrate + Hydrogen

2HNO3 + Fe = Fe(NO3)2 + H2

Phosphoric Acid + Magnesium Carbonate = Magnesium phosphate m water and carbon dioxicde.

2H3PO4 + 3MgCO3 = Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2O + 3CO2

A WEAK BASE on the pH scale would be , pH = 8

NB A WEAK ACID on the pH scale would be , pH = 6.

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 .

pH = 0 VERY STRONG ACID/

pH = 5 A weak Acid

pH = 7 Neutrality ( Water)

pH = 9 A Weak Alkali/Base

pH = 14 VERY STRONG ALKALI/BASE.

NB An Alkali is a soluble base.

The salt is Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2)

Here is the balanced reaction eq'n.

2HCl(aq) + ZnO(s) = ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

A (chemical) salt is any metal combined to an acid anion.

Here are some examples of chemical salts.

Sodium chloride (NaCl) ; Table salt you use at home.

Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4)

Aluminium nitrate (Al(NO3)3)

Strontium phosphate ( Sr3(PO4)2).

They are all produced in the same way., by reacting the metal or its base(Oxide) with the corresponding acid.

NNB There are many more chemical salts.

No gas is produced. See the table below for the alkali reaction.

This is the classic acid + alkali = salt +water.

Here is a table of acid reactions;

Acid + Base = Salt + Water

Acid + Alkali = Salt + water

Acid + metal = Salt + Hydrogen (gas)

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide (Gas) .

Here are some sample reaction eq'ns.

2HCl + Na2O = 2NaCl + H2O

HCl + + NaOH = NaCl + H2O

2HCl + Ca = CaCl2 + H2(g)

2HCl + CaCO3 = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2(g)

NB An Alkali is a soluble base.

NNB There are many more reactions that follow these reaction rules.

Potassium pentanoate.

Here is the ba;anced chemical reaction Eq'n ;

CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH + KOH = H2O + CH3CH2CH2CH2COOK

It is the classic Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water ( in the organic form).

Historically Pentanoic Acid/ Pentanoate was known as ' Valeric Acid / Valerate '.

A chemically basic substance that has been dissolved in water.

NB Chemical Bases are oxides of Group 1 & 2 metals. e.g. Sodium oxide (Na2O) or Magnesium oxide (MgO).

NNB An Alkali is a soluble base.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with hydrochloric acid (HCl) is: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O.

[H is the negative logarithm , to the base ten, of the hydrogen ion concentration.

Algebraically.

#pH = -log(10)[H^(+)] .

Substituting

pH = -log(10)[4.3 x 10^(-8)]

[H = -(-7.6335....)

pH = 7.63

NB pH is normally quoted to two decimal places.