The closest point to the central object - whatever that is - is called periapsis; the farthest point, apapsis.
The old-fashioned term is perigeon (closest point to Earth), perihelion (closest point to the Sun), etc.; but it becomes rather awkward to use many different names for what is basically the same concept.
orbit
orbit orbit orbit
The planet Jupiter.
Venus is the planet with the closest orbit to that of Earth.
Venus
Yes. The closer an object is to the Sun, the shorter the distance it has to travel to get around it.
A planet in an orbit greater than any of the others.An object in orbit around a single planet is a moon or satellite of that planet.
Any object in an elliptical orbit - this would include every planet and natural satellite - is moving fastest when it is closest to the "primary object" around which it orbits; the Sun in the case of the planets, and each planet in the case of a moon. The Earth reaches perihelion, its closest point of approach to the Sun, on January 4 each year, so that's the day at which the Earth is moving fastest in its orbit.
Mercury.
Do your homework. Just kidding; Jupiter.
The perihelion is the closest point to the Sun in the orbit of a planet.It is different for each planet based on the elliptical variation, but will always occur at the same point in each orbit.
The closest point to the Sun in a planet's orbit is called perihelion. The furthest point is called aphelion. Phil