Shi'is
Yes. The Caliphs are the political successors to Muhammad.
Muhammad algebrajin
Muhammad created an Islamic state- a government that uses its political power to uphold Islam.
Muhammad was accepted as a political leader in medina.
Caliph.
Muhammad Najib has written: 'Melawan arus' -- subject(s): Political and social views
He introduced political and economic reforms.
muhammad
Yes, Sure, it is acceptable for Muslims to hold separate philosophical and theological beliefs so far they don't contradict with the basic Islamic beliefs that are based on Quran and Sunnah (prophet Muhammad sayings and practices).
It didn't . boxing did and so did his political views.
It was AlMadinah (or Medina) in Saudi Arabia.
He didn't have the same political opinions then that he subsequently obtained.